
Contents
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Past Themes and Present Emphases Past Themes and Present Emphases
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Personality and Situation in Helping Personality and Situation in Helping
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Help-Giving Research Help-Giving Research
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When Do People Help? When Do People Help?
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Situational Determinants Situational Determinants
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Normative Influences Normative Influences
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Who Helps? Who Helps?
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Developmental Antecedents Developmental Antecedents
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Demographic Antecedents: Gender and Socioeconomic Status Demographic Antecedents: Gender and Socioeconomic Status
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Gender. Gender.
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Socioeconomic Status. Socioeconomic Status.
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Personality Personality
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Affective Characteristics. Affective Characteristics.
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Behavioral and Cognitive Dimensions. Behavioral and Cognitive Dimensions.
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Why Help? Why Help?
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Motivation: Altruism or Disguised Egoism? Motivation: Altruism or Disguised Egoism?
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Attribution: Do They Deserve Help? Attribution: Do They Deserve Help?
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Helping Relations Helping Relations
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Consequences of Giving and Receiving Help Consequences of Giving and Receiving Help
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Positive Consequences of Receiving Help: Gratitude Positive Consequences of Receiving Help: Gratitude
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Negative Consequences of Receiving Help: Self-Threat Negative Consequences of Receiving Help: Self-Threat
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Characteristics of Help Characteristics of Help
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Recipient’s Characteristics Recipient’s Characteristics
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Consequences of Help for Recipient Coping Consequences of Help for Recipient Coping
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Consequences of Helping for the Helper Consequences of Helping for the Helper
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Consequences for Helper–Recipient Relations: Generosity Within the Group Consequences for Helper–Recipient Relations: Generosity Within the Group
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Intergroup Helping Relations Intergroup Helping Relations
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Self-Categorization and Cross-Group Helping Relations Self-Categorization and Cross-Group Helping Relations
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Intergroup Helping as Status Relations: Helping Relations Between Differentially Advantaged Groups Intergroup Helping as Status Relations: Helping Relations Between Differentially Advantaged Groups
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Collective Emotions and Intergroup Helping: Guilt and Moral Outrage Collective Emotions and Intergroup Helping: Guilt and Moral Outrage
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Helping in Close and Enduring Relationships Helping in Close and Enduring Relationships
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Helping Kin Versus Nonkin Helping Kin Versus Nonkin
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Sustained Helping: Volunteering Sustained Helping: Volunteering
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Summary, Conclusions, and Implications Summary, Conclusions, and Implications
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Helping and Belongingness Helping and Belongingness
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Independence and the Recipient of Help Independence and the Recipient of Help
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Personality and Situational Determinants of Interpersonal and Intergroup Helping Personality and Situational Determinants of Interpersonal and Intergroup Helping
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Concluding Comments and Applied Implications Concluding Comments and Applied Implications
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Acknowledgment Acknowledgment
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References References
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19 From Help Giving to Helping Relations: Belongingness and Independence in Social Interactions
Get accessArie Nadler, Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Published:09 October 2018
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Abstract
This chapter reviews social psychological research on help giving and helping relations from the 1950s until today. The first section considers the conditions under which people are likely to help others, personality dispositions that characterize helpful individuals, and motivational and attributional antecedents of helpfulness. The second section looks at long-term consequences of help and examines help in the context of enduring and emotionally significant relationships. Research has shown that in the long run help can increase psychological and physical well-being for helpers but discourage self-reliance for recipients. The third section analyzes helping from intra- and intergroup perspectives, considering how its provision can contribute to helpers’ reputations within a group or promote the positive social identity of in-groups relative to out-groups. Help is thus conceptualized as a negotiation between the fundamental psychological needs for belongingness and independence. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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