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Nabataean Arabia Nabataean Arabia
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Problems of Definition Problems of Definition
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Elements of History Elements of History
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Society and Material Culture Society and Material Culture
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Not Only Incense … Not Only Incense …
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Roman-Byzantine Arabia Roman-Byzantine Arabia
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Political and Economic History Political and Economic History
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Petra and Bostra Petra and Bostra
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Cities and Countryside Cities and Countryside
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Continuity and Change Continuity and Change
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Bibliography Bibliography
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50 Arabia from the Hellenistic to the Late Roman/Byzantine Period
Get accessStephan G. Schmid has been professor of classical archaeology at Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin since 2008. Previously he held a position as professor of classical archaeology at the Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier III, and earlier he was the deputy director of the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece. He holds a PhD from Basel University (Switzerland) and a habilitation from the Université de Paris I—Sorbonne (France). His research interests are, on the one hand, related to his long-term excavation activities in Petra (Jordan) and Eretria (Greece). On the other hand, he is working on the relationship between sedentary and non-sedentary populations, luxury architecture in the Hellenistic and Roman Mediterranean. For some years, his interest focused on Cyprus, starting with research on the history of archaeology in Cyprus, and leading to a new project aiming at better understanding the territorial organization of Cypriot Iron Age polities, including the excavation of a sanctuary of the Great Goddess in Idalion.
Zbigniew T. Fiema has been involved in research on the Near East in the Roman-Byzantine period since the mid-1980s. His interests are concentrated on ancient urbanism, trade and economy, and military architecture. He has excavated in Egypt (Alexandria), Syria (Palmyra), and Saudi Arabia (Madâ’in Sâlih/Hegra), but Petra in Jordan remains his scholarly focus. He has directed the fieldwork of three excavation projects there (Petra Church Project, the Roman Street in Petra Project, and the Finnish Jabal Haroun Project). Fiema has lectured in archaeology at various academic institutions in Europe and the United States. He was fellow at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC, and at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey. Currently he is docent in classical archaeology at the University of Helsinki and he participates in a German mapping project in Petra.
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Published:22 April 2025
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Abstract
The region under consideration in this chapter includes the territories of southern Syria, Transjordan, southern Palestine, and the northwestern Arabian Peninsula. During the Hellenistic–early Roman period (fourth century bc–first century ad), these constituted the Nabataean kingdom, later (ad 106–early fourth century) were within the boundaries of the Roman province of Arabia, and finally (fourth–early seventh centuries) comprised the Byzantine provinces of Arabia and Palaestina Salutaris/Tertia. Although a somewhat generic designation here, the term “Arabia” roughly corresponds to Ptolemy’s Arabia Petraea and the northern part of Arabia Deserta. While the region was multiethnic and in addition to Arabs, included Greeks, Jews, and other population groups, the Nabataean Arabs were the dominant political element. The region flourished during the Nabataean and Roman periods, and during late antiquity, it experienced a veritable revival of local cultures and traditions.
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