
Contents
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Key Points Key Points
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Meanings of Sex and Gender Meanings of Sex and Gender
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Theoretical Frameworks Theoretical Frameworks
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Biological Theories and Approaches Biological Theories and Approaches
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Evolutionary Psychology Theory Evolutionary Psychology Theory
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Biosocial Theory Biosocial Theory
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Behavioral Genetics Behavioral Genetics
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Gene X Environment Interactions Gene X Environment Interactions
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Neuroscience Approaches Neuroscience Approaches
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Cultural and Social-Structural Theories Cultural and Social-Structural Theories
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Ecological Systems Theory Ecological Systems Theory
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Social Role Theory Social Role Theory
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Cognitive and Motivational Theories Cognitive and Motivational Theories
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Social-Cognitive Theory Social-Cognitive Theory
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Environmental Structures Environmental Structures
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Sociocognitive Modes of Influence Sociocognitive Modes of Influence
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Self-Regulatory Processes Self-Regulatory Processes
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Expectancy-Value Theory Expectancy-Value Theory
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Gender Schema Theory Gender Schema Theory
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Cognitive-Developmental Theory Cognitive-Developmental Theory
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Social Identity Theory Social Identity Theory
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Recent Advances in Theory Bridging Recent Advances in Theory Bridging
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Gender Similarities and Differences Gender Similarities and Differences
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Overview of the Rest of the Chapter Overview of the Rest of the Chapter
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Temperament Temperament
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Impulsivity and Self-Control Impulsivity and Self-Control
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Activity Level Activity Level
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Gender Schemas: Self-Concepts, Stereotypes, and Attitudes Gender Schemas: Self-Concepts, Stereotypes, and Attitudes
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Developmental Trends Developmental Trends
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Gender Schemas and Goals Regarding Affiliation and Assertion Gender Schemas and Goals Regarding Affiliation and Assertion
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Gender Schemas Regarding Affiliation and Assertion Gender Schemas Regarding Affiliation and Assertion
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Values and Goals Regarding Affiliation and Assertion Values and Goals Regarding Affiliation and Assertion
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Sexist Attitudes Sexist Attitudes
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Awareness of Sexist Discrimination Awareness of Sexist Discrimination
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Biological Influences on Children’s Gender Schemas Biological Influences on Children’s Gender Schemas
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Motivational Influences on Children’s Gender Schemas Motivational Influences on Children’s Gender Schemas
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Family Influences Family Influences
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Peer Influences Peer Influences
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Cultural and Social-Structural Influences on Children’s Gender Schemas Cultural and Social-Structural Influences on Children’s Gender Schemas
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Media Influences Media Influences
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Linguistic Biases Linguistic Biases
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Other Cultural and Social-Structural Influences Other Cultural and Social-Structural Influences
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Gender Segregation and Peer Group Relations Gender Segregation and Peer Group Relations
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Biobehavioral Influences on Same-Gender Peer Preferences Biobehavioral Influences on Same-Gender Peer Preferences
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Cognitive and Motivational Influences on Same-Gender Peer Preferences Cognitive and Motivational Influences on Same-Gender Peer Preferences
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Cross-Gender Peer Interactions Cross-Gender Peer Interactions
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Cultural and Social-Structural Influences on Same-Gender Peer Preferences Cultural and Social-Structural Influences on Same-Gender Peer Preferences
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Play Activities Play Activities
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Biological Influences on Gender-Typed Play Preferences Biological Influences on Gender-Typed Play Preferences
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Cognitive and Motivational Influences on Gender-Typed Play Preferences Cognitive and Motivational Influences on Gender-Typed Play Preferences
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Gender Schemas Gender Schemas
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Family Influences Family Influences
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Peer Influences Peer Influences
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Cultural and Social-Structural Influences on Play Preferences Cultural and Social-Structural Influences on Play Preferences
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Media Influences Media Influences
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Other Cultural Influences Other Cultural Influences
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Athletic Participation Athletic Participation
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Biological Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Athletic Participation Biological Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Athletic Participation
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Cognitive and Motivational Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Athletic Participation Cognitive and Motivational Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Athletic Participation
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Expectations and Values Expectations and Values
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Gender Schemas Gender Schemas
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Family Influences Family Influences
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School and Peer Influences School and Peer Influences
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Cultural and Social-Structural Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Athletic Participation Cultural and Social-Structural Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Athletic Participation
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Media Influences Media Influences
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Other Cultural and Social-Structural Influences Other Cultural and Social-Structural Influences
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Academic Achievement Academic Achievement
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Biological Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Academic Achievement Biological Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Academic Achievement
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Cognitive and Motivational Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Academic Achievement Cognitive and Motivational Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Academic Achievement
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Average Gender Differences in Academic Expectations and Values Average Gender Differences in Academic Expectations and Values
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Gender Schemas Gender Schemas
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Gender-Typed Goals and Values Gender-Typed Goals and Values
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Opportunities and Practice Opportunities and Practice
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Parental Influences Parental Influences
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Teacher Influences Teacher Influences
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Peer Influences Peer Influences
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Cultural and Social-Structural Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Academic Achievement Cultural and Social-Structural Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Academic Achievement
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Communication Style Communication Style
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Cognitive and Motivational Influences on Gender-Typed Communication Cognitive and Motivational Influences on Gender-Typed Communication
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Gender Schemas and Interpersonal Goals Gender Schemas and Interpersonal Goals
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Family Influences Family Influences
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Peer Influences Peer Influences
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Cultural and Social-Structural Influences on Gender-Typed Communication Cultural and Social-Structural Influences on Gender-Typed Communication
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Aggression Aggression
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Biological Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Aggression Biological Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Aggression
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Hormonal Influences Hormonal Influences
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Genetic Influences Genetic Influences
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Cognitive and Motivational Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Aggression Cognitive and Motivational Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Aggression
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Gender Schemas Gender Schemas
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Empathy Empathy
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Interpersonal Goals and Values Interpersonal Goals and Values
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Family Influences Family Influences
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Peer Influences Peer Influences
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Cultural and Social-Structural Influences on Aggression Cultural and Social-Structural Influences on Aggression
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Media Influences Media Influences
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Television and Direct Aggression Television and Direct Aggression
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Television and Indirect Aggression Television and Indirect Aggression
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Videogames and Direct Aggression Videogames and Direct Aggression
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Other Cultural and Social-Structural Influences Other Cultural and Social-Structural Influences
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Friendship Intimacy Friendship Intimacy
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Cognitive and Motivational Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Friendship Intimacy Cognitive and Motivational Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Friendship Intimacy
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Gender Schemas Gender Schemas
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Interpersonal Goals and Values Interpersonal Goals and Values
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Socioemotional Understanding Socioemotional Understanding
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Family Influences Family Influences
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Peer Influences Peer Influences
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Social-Structural and Cultural Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Friendship Intimacy Social-Structural and Cultural Influences on Gender-Related Variations in Friendship Intimacy
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Conclusions Conclusions
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgments
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References References
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14 Gender Development During Childhood
Get accessCampbell Leaper is Professor of Psychology, University of California at Santa Cruz.
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Published:16 December 2013
Cite
Abstract
This chapter reviews contemporary research on children’s gender development. Theories addressing cultural and social-structural, cognitive and motivational, and biological influences are summarized. These theoretical frameworks are used to interpret gender-related variations in the following areas: temperament, gender schemas, self-concepts, sexist attitudes, gender segregation and peer group relations, play, sports, academic achievement, communication style, direct and indirect aggression, sexual harassment, and friendship intimacy. Gender similarities and within-gender variability are emphasized.
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