The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology
Published online:
18 September 2012
Published in print:
10 February 2012
Online ISBN:
9780199940905
Print ISBN:
9780195398991
Contents
End Matter
Index
-
Published:February 2012
Annotate
Cite
'Index', in Kay Deaux, and Mark Snyder (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology, Oxford Library of Psychology (2012; online edn, Oxford Academic, 18 Sept. 2012), https://doi.org/, accessed 11 May 2025.
Subject
Psychology
Series
Oxford Library of Psychology
Collection:
Oxford Handbooks Online
Index
- Abnormal Psychology, White19
- Abortion, attitudes372
- Abstract properties, concrete vs., of situations71–72
- Academics, multiculturalism639
- Acceptance, personality and social psychology46–48
- Accessibility
- attitudes371
- culture as329
- dispositions368–375
- emotion327
- knowledge activation452
- personality traits368–369
- trait, and prediction of behavior370–371
- Accomplishment striving, work708
- Acculturation See also Multiculturalism
- bidimensional model of627
- cross-national studies627–628
- cultural frame-switching628–629
- domains and levels629–630
- individual vs. societal levels628
- and multiculturalism627–630
- Accuracy
- eyewitness identification764–766
- initial impressions348–351
- research on338
- stereotypes348–349
- target352
- trait judgments349
- Action research See also Social policy
- diagnostic and participant806
- empirical and experimental806
- Lewin805–806
- social policy involvement805–806
- types of policy involvement817–819
- Active facilitation342
- Activism, personality variables792–793
- Actor effect217
- Actor-partner interdependence model (APIM)
- distinguishable dyads219–221
- dyadic research217–221
- group research230–232
- indistinguishable dyads218–219
- lagged APIM models for dyads225–227
- multilevel strategy250
- Adaptationism
- adaptation154
- adaptiveness154
- by-products155
- evolutionary biologists identifying adaptation155–156
- evolutionary psychology156–157
- evolutionary quantitative genetics154–157
- exaptation154–155
- function154
- secondary adaptation155
- Adaptive contingent variation, social spheres172
- Adaptiveness, adaptation154
- Adaptive team leadership719
- Adolescents, attachment581
- Adult, personality change39
- Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)508
- Affect, Cognition, and Stereotyping26
- Affect Balance Scale, well-being598
- Affective empathy, description422
- Affective events theory, work attitudes713
- Affective priming345
- Affective processing, personality and top-down factors329–330
- Affiliation, leadership personality676–677
- Affordances182
- cultural psychology182
- interdependence theory79
- model67
- Person x Situation (P x S)66
- power of situation86–87
- self-esteem504–505
- selfways187
- social world167–168
- term67
- African Americans
- aggression reduction programs424–425
- Boas and biological evolution17
- civil rights movement660
- divorce653
- identity category194
- interracial contact559
- Jim Crow racism545–546
- multiculturalism637
- oppression16
- race-based rejection sensitivity (RS-race)458
- Agency, human adaptation579
- Agential behavior, helping395
- Aggregation, multilevel analysis243–244
- Aging, perceiver feature353
- Agreeable-dominant (AD), interpersonal circumplex450
- Agreeableness, helping411
- Agreeable-submissive (AS), interpersonal circumplex450
- Alcohol consumption, aggression423
- Aldorno, Theodor22
- Alibi evidence, legal system760–761
- Allies, collective action796
- Alternating biculturals632
- Alternativism, personality42
- American Psychologist824
- American society, developments16–18
- Amygdala, brain113
- Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy821
- Analysis, behavior100–101
- Anchoring-and-adjustment model, biases356
- Anger, asymmetric frontal cortical activity128–129
- Animalistic dehumanization341
- Anthropology, Yakima Native Americans17
- Antisocial behavior
- dehumanization433–435
- disconnectedness421
- dispositional empathy and422–426
- empathy and offending425–426
- lacking empathy419–421
- person, situation421–422
- Antiwar activism792
- Applicability, knowledge activation452
- Approach-avoidance reactions, motives289–290
- Approach motivation, emotions323
- Army Air Force, pilots19
- Aronson, Elliot27
- Arrival conditions, immigration655–657
- Artifacts, byproducts and settings, target352
- Asian Americans, race-based rejection sensitivity (RS-race)458
- Asian immigrants656
- Assessment See Behavior assessment
- Association for Psychological Science (APS)27
- Attachment See also Behavioral systems
- attachment behavioral system471–473
- behavioral system471–473
- caregiving behavioral system474–475
- children and adolescents581
- diathesis-stress and, styles507–510
- exploration behavioral system473
- helping relations and407–408
- measurement of individual differences in orientations477–478
- measuring individual differences in behavior478–480
- mental health481–482
- person-situation interactional framework470–471
- sexual behavioral system475–476
- transmission gap487
- Attack of 9/11, impact667
- Attention, impression formation345
- Attentional adhesion345
- Attitudes
- accessibility371
- affective and cognitive components715
- behavior371–372
- changing implicit383–384
- compatibility principle714
- controlled/explicit responses372–373
- explicit, and persuasion380–381
- ideological426–428
- individual differences381–382
- internal dispositions368
- iterative processing model321
- job710–715
- neural assessments123–124
- persuasion379–386
- sociocultural influence192–194
- theory of planned behavior376
- Attitude strength, prediction of behavior373–374
- Attitudinal ambivalence, valence acquisition346–347
- Attribution, help-giving400–401
- Attribution effects, emotion328
- Attribution principle, emotion327
- Attribution theory, explanation354–355
- Auditory cues, target352
- Australia, multiculturalism625
- Authoritarian parenting22
- The Authoritarian Personality, Aldorno22
- Authority ranking, models of relationality186
- Autocorrelation225
- Automatic change processes383
- Automaticity, learning and memory116–117
- Autonomy-oriented help405–406
- Availability, knowledge activation452
- The Averaged American, Igo15
- Aversive-arousal reduction hypothesis, help-giving399
- Aversive racism546
- Avoidance, attachment478
- Avoidant, attachment
- Baby boomers660
- Back, Kurt22
- Ballew v. Georgia768
- Banal dehumanization435
- Barker, Roger22
- Bavelas, Alex22
- Behavior See also Antisocial behavior; See also Behavior assessment; See also Life span
- attachment581
- attitudes371–372
- attitudes and24–25
- attitude strength and prediction of373–374
- changing384–385
- compatibility375–379
- critical components of field578–579
- dimensions95–96
- emotions affecting325–326
- empathic feelings431–432
- explanations354–356
- framework for Lewinian equation577–578
- human niche and social adaptations163–169
- “if–then” model77
- implicit attitudes and374–375
- integration into social and personality psychology106–107
- intentions378
- intergroup affect and stereotypes342
- low frequency96
- matching frames to perception of738
- measuring95–96
- nominal vs. psychological situations71
- novel vs. habitual96
- personality576–577
- personality dispositions378–379
- person x situation interactionism74–75
- persuasion379–386
- prediction of368–375
- research and theory583
- situational context77–78
- situations and influence on84–85
- social context84–85
- socially undesirable96
- spontaneous inferences from347
- stability over life span649–651
- theory of planned376–377
- trait accessibility and prediction of370–371
- variability95
- Behavioral approach sensitivity, anger128
- Behavioral beliefs, term376
- Behavioral control, theory of planned behavior377
- Behavioral ecology, emotions322
- Behavioral genetics, traits38–39
- Behavioral signature model, interactionist75–78
- Behavioral signatures, variability across situations450–451
- Behavioral systems
- association with personality486
- attachment and emotion regulation480–481
- attachment and mental health481–482
- attachment and mental representations of self481
- attachment471–473
- caregiving474–475
- concept of468–471
- evolution467
- exploration behavioral system473
- exploring psychological correlates482–483
- hyeractivation and deactivation scale items479
- individual-differences components469–470
- individual differences in, functioning480
- interrelations of483–486
- measurement of individual differences477–480
- normative parameters468–469
- origins of individual differences486–488
- personality structure of development483–488
- power476–477
- sexual475–476
- Behavioral variability, stability in situations448–449
- Behavior assessment
- behavioral observation97–99
- choosing task and setting101–102
- coder computer support systems105
- Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR)104
- formulating research question99
- generalizability of system101
- Interaction Process Analysis (IPA)100
- Internet104–105
- Leadership Trait Questionnaires (LTQ)100
- level of analysis100–101
- methods96–97
- new technologies in103–105
- observation of personal living spaces (PLS)105–106
- reliability102–103
- selecting observation system99–101
- social and personality psychology106–107
- stages of behavioral observation98
- strengths and weakness of behavior observation103
- surveillance monitors104–105
- training coders102–103
- virtual reality104
- webcams104–105
- Behavior-in-situation approach, leadership674
- Behaviorism, groups518–519
- Beliefs, achievement301
- Belongingness, help-giving and409–410
- Benedict, Ruth17
- Berscheid, Ellen21
- BIAS map, (behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes)342
- Bicultural See also Multiculturalism
- term625
- Bicultural identity integration (BII)
- acculturation and multiculturalism632–636
- feelings and perceptions643n.6
- high vs. low levels of635
- multiracial experience643n.7
- version 2 of scale (BIIS)634
- Biculturalism
- adjustment638–639
- alternation632
- bicultural identity integration (BII)632–636
- BII scale (BIIS) version 2634
- fusion632
- measurement638
- term641 See also Multiculturalism
- Big Five
- accretion of processes55
- behavioral system and personality486
- cross-cultural validity of37
- hierarchical structure50
- important traits39
- judging targets339–340
- personality dimensions137–138
- person-in-situation and leadership685–688
- predicting group performance525–526
- predicting life outcomes38
- stereotype343
- taxonomy450
- trait hierarchy36–37
- traits523–524
- trait stability over time649
- two-step development of36
- variance174–175
- whole trait theory50–56
- Bioenergetic view, emotions323
- Biological evolution, Boas17
- Biological psychology45
- Biparental care, human adaptive complex161
- Black exceptionalism hypothesis, intergroups555–556
- Blended biculturals632
- Blink, Gladwell94
- Boas, Franz, environmentalism17
- Borderline personality disorder (BPD)45
- Bottom-up approach, rejection sensitivity459
- Bounded rationality model27
- Brain
- amygdala (AMG)113
- coronal slice through113
- empathy120–121
- human adaptive complex162
- intergroup emotion and136–137
- lateral aspect of right hemisphere116
- mechanism115
- medial aspect of left hemisphere113
- medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)113
- orbital frontal cortex (OFC)113
- research on intergroup bias and131–133
- social neuroscience approach112
- Bridgman, Percy, Vienna–Circle positivism21
- Brigham, Carl16
- Brown, Roger20
- Burch v. Louisiana768
- Buss–Derkee Hostility Inventory423
- By-products, adaptation155
- Bystander intervention, experiments94
- Bystanders, help-giving396–397
- California Psychology Inventory782
- Capacity, coalition partners164
- Caribbean, immigration656–657
- Carlsmith, Merrill27
- Carlson, Rae24
- Catastrophes
- attack of 9/11667
- earthquakes667
- general impact of war663–665
- Holocaust665–667
- Hurricane Katrina667
- internment of Japanese Americans665–667
- Categorical outcomes, multilevel modeling247
- Categorization theory, leadership682
- Cattell, Raymond, test analyses22
- Causal effect, intentions and behavior378
- Causal history of reasons355
- Causality, social policy808–809
- Causality orientations, self-determination theory296
- Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale, well-being601
- Centering, multilevel modeling246
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)19
- Certainty-oriented people (COs)529
- Change See Life span
- Children See Attachment
- development18
- reducing aggression424–425
- Chinese immigrants656
- Chronology See Personality and social psychology
- Clinical psychology45
- Closeness, social comparison166
- Coaction phenomenon, groups536–537
- Coalitional psychology, humans165
- Coalitional success, human adaptive complex162
- Coalition partners
- abilities and appraisals165
- capacity164
- compatibility164–165
- psychology165
- reputations164–165
- trustworthiness164
- Coder computer support systems105
- Coder training, behavior assessment102–103
- Cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS)
- antisocial behavior421
- behavioral signature model75–78
- knowledge acquisition and activation in C-CAPS452–453
- multilevel radical coefficient model (MRCM)253
- personality triad87
- study of dispositions494
- Cognitive capital, human adaptive complex161
- Cognitive dissonance theory, Festinger27
- Cognitive empathy, description422
- Cognitive flexibility, personality792
- Cognitive processes, well-being and self-reports604–605
- Cognitive Processes in Stereotyping and Intergroup Behavior26
- Cognitive psychology45
- Cohesion, group maintenance531–532
- Cohesiveness, group data212–214
- Collaboration, personality and groups534
- Collective action
- allies or outgroup members796
- authoritarianism792
- future directions795–798
- generativity792
- group consciousness782
- implications for increasing or decreasing797–798
- individual differences, group consciousness and789–793
- integrated model782
- intersectionality796–797
- life experiences789–791
- motivation for participation788
- nigrescence theory785–786
- participation781
- perceived efficacy783
- perceived injustice783
- personality and life experiences782
- personality characteristics791–793
- personality variables792–793
- politicized group identity783–784
- politicized identifications785–786
- relative deprivation theory786–788
- social identity theories783–784
- social psychological models of group consciousness and782–788
- stratum consciousness784–785
- terminology793–795
- understanding right–wing or conservative797
- voluntary group memberships796
- volunteerism vs.795–796
- Collective leadership capacity719
- Collective representations, psychology15
- College Textiles and Clothing organizations786
- Colonial mentality, concept195
- Common-bond experience, constructions of self186
- Common goals, intergroups552–553
- Common ingroup identity model433
- Common sense, forensic psychology772
- Communal sharing, models of relationality186
- Communication, group discussion527–528
- Communism, political pressure by McCarthy21
- Community, volunteerism813–817
- Compartmentalization, bicultural identity intergration scale (BIIS)-2633–636
- Competitive altruism hypothesis404
- Competitive jungle, prejudice427
- Competitors, group members162
- Compilation, teamwork720
- Compliance, confessions757–758
- Composition, teamwork720
- Comprehensive Quality of Life scale, well-being599
- Conceptual act model, emotions319
- Conceptual distinguishability, dyadic design216–217
- Concrete properties, abstract vs., of situations71–72
- Conductance hypothesis, helping relations401
- Confessions
- dispositional risk factors757–758
- false evidence ploy758–759
- phenomenology of innocence759–760
- police interrogations756–760
- situational risk factors758–759
- Conflict
- bicultural identity integration scale (BIIS)–2633–636
- groups and situations520–525
- impact of divorce652–653
- monitoring117
- motive/goal systems304–305
- realistic vs. symbolic threat551
- resolution of relational conflict532–533
- Conformity, group decision-making530
- Confrontation, confessions757
- Congruence, motive/goal systems304–305
- Conjoint constructions, cultural-ecological variation193
- Conscious emotional experiences326
- Conscious goal pursuit303–304
- Conscious motives, person43
- Consensus, group decision-making530–531
- Consistency
- eyewitness identification765
- multilevel radical coefficient model (MRCM)251–252
- similar situations75
- traits40
- Construal, personality42
- Construal level theory (CLT)354
- Constructionism, social policy809–810
- Construct validity concept, well-being599–600
- Consumption, energy, by groups537
- Content, goal298–299
- Context in person
- attitudes and dispositions192–194
- cultural-ecological scaffolding of self187–190
- dispositions183
- independent constructions of self183–187
- independent selfways187–188
- interdependent constructions of self185–187
- interdependent selfways188–189
- personal identity191–192
- propensities for prejudice194–195
- selfways as habitus190
- sociocultural bases of psychological experience190–195 See also Cultural psychology
- Continuity See Life span
- Control
- detecting need for134
- implementing134–135
- intergroup bias133–135
- personality vulnerabilities586
- power behavioral system476–477
- Controversy, multiculturalism626
- Cooley, Charles, environmentalism16
- Cooperation, intergroups552–553
- Coordination situations, interdependence82
- Corticospinal inhibition, ingroup and outgroup pain428–429
- Cortisol, psychological dispositions138–139
- Cosmopolitan approach, multiculturalism626
- Cost-benefit modeling, evolutionary economics156
- Courts, forensic psychology772
- Credibility, deception349–350
- Criminal Interrogations and Confessions, manual755
- Cross-group
- empathy433
- helping relations405
- intergroup contact556–558
- potential for positive outcomes561–562
- Crow, Jim, racism545–546
- Cue utilization, target352
- Cue validity, target352
- Cultural activation, multiculturalism640–641
- Cultural anthropology, attitude assessment18
- Cultural artifacts194
- Cultural blendedness, bicultural identity integration scale (BIIS)-2633–636
- Cultural cognitive-affective processing system (C-CAPS)
- knowledge acquisition and activation452–453
- organization453
- tying, to social interactions453–454
- Cultural diversity, multiculturalism626
- Cultural encapsulation, acculturation629
- Cultural frame-switching (CFS), acculturation628–629
- Cultural harmony, bicultural identity integration scale (BIIS)-2633–636
- Cultural practices194
- Cultural psychology
- attitudes and dispositions192–194
- beyond cultural variation190–195
- beyond self-construal187–190
- context in person183–195
- cultural-ecological scaffolding of self187–190
- downstream consequences of action196–197
- dynamic construction of personal identity197–198
- independent constructions of self183–187
- independent selfways187–188
- intentional worlds198–201
- intentional worlds of domination199–201
- interdependent constructions of self185–187
- interdependent selfways188–189
- personal identity191–192
- person in context195–201
- propensities for prejudice194–195
- selfways as habitus190
- selfways as intentional worlds199
- sociocultural bases of species–typical tendencies190–191
- upstream impacts on action196
- well-being608
- Cultural variation
- cultural-ecological variation193
- evolutionary perspective170–171
- intentional worlds of domination199–201
- Cummings, E. E., emotions320
- Cumulative continuity, interaction26
- Cyberspace, target352
- Dangerous world, prejudice427
- Darwin, Charles152–153
- Data analysis, definitions211–212
- Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals772
- Deactivation
- attachment behavioral system472–473
- attachment theory470
- exploration behavioral system473
- power behavioral system477
- sexual behavioral system475–476
- Debate, person-situation39–40
- Decategorization processes554
- Deception, perceiving349–350
- Decision-making
- achievement of consensus530–531
- conformity530
- emotion and326
- group discussion527–528
- groups527–531
- influence528–530
- Defensive helping405
- Defensive pessimism, self-regulation302
- Defensive projection, perception350
- Dehumanization, us vs. them433–435
- De La Beckwith, Byron, killing Evers545
- Delay-of-gratification, situations82–83
- Demands-abilities, person-job fit708
- Democrats, ideology813
- Density distributions, states52–53
- Departments, personality and social psychology835
- Dependency/risk regulation, person-by-situation approach503–505
- Depression, resting frontal asymmetric activity127–128
- Descriptive approach, theory-driven vs.72–73
- Deutsch, Morton22
- Developmental antecedents, help-giving398
- Developmental stage, life experiences789–790
- Developmental systems theory, evolution157–158
- Diagnostic action research806
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)69
- Digital recordings, behavior105
- Dilthey, Wilhelm14
- Disaggregation, multilevel analysis243–244
- Disconnectedness, antisocial behavior421
- Discrimination
- empathy420
- helping relations across racial boundaries406–407
- personal experiences790
- rejection589
- stereotypes342
- Discriminative facility, research459
- Disguised egoism, help-giving399–400
- Disjoint constructions, cultural-ecological variation193
- Dispositions
- accessibility of368–375
- confessions757–758
- habits and behaviors378–379
- sociocultural influence192–194
- Dissonance theory27
- Distinguishability, definition211–212
- Distinguishable dyads, actor-partner independence model (APIM)219–221
- Distortions, motivated biases and350–351
- Diversity, multiculturalism639–640
- Division 8 of the American Psychological Association (APA)26
- Dominating research themes24
- Domination, intentional worlds199–201
- Down-regulation, emotion129
- Dual crises23–25
- Dual-judgment model356
- Dyads See also Over-time dyadic models
- accuracy233
- actor-partner interdependence model (APIM)217–221
- definitions for data analysis211–212
- design issues for studying, over time222–223
- distinguishability211–212
- lagged models for225–227
- levels of analysis240
- multilevel analysis242
- multilevel modeling (MLM)214–216
- nonindependence211
- over-time dyadic models221–230
- over-time standard APIM223–225
- overview of studies209–211
- persons nested in250
- social and personality psychology209
- social interaction459
- testing distinguishability with MLM216–217
- Dynamic construction, personal identity197–198
- Dynamic interaction, personality psychology25
- Dynamic interactionism, person and situation5
- Dynamic Theory of Personality, Lewin13
- Dysfunction, sexual behavioral system475
- Earthquakes, impact667
- Ecological niche, concept159–160
- Economy of action, emotions322
- Education
- communism and McCarthy21
- group consciousness and collective action798
- personality and social psychology836
- work experience791
- Effort, emotions322–323
- Ego-defensive function382
- Egoism, help-giving399–400
- Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR)104
- Embodies cognitive capital, human adaptive complex161
- Emergent leadership, study682
- Emergent third culture, multiculturalism640
- Emotional intelligence (EI)353
- Emotional suffering, dehumanization434–435
- Emotions
- abilities and appraisals165
- affect318
- affecting behavior325–326
- approach motivation323
- attachment and, regulation480–481
- attitudes321
- construction of self186
- culture319
- decision-making326
- description317–319
- distinguishing affect and325
- early history315–317
- effort322–323
- empathy419–421
- energy323
- fear323
- fear processing125–126
- gratitude401
- influencing perception322–325
- interactive personality-social entity317
- motivation and124–125
- natural kinds318
- personality or social outcome330
- physiological reactions315
- prefrontal cortex (PFC) asymmetries127–129
- reactions319
- regulating thought326–329
- sadness323
- sentiments341
- social resources324–325
- Empathic Quotient423
- Empathic Responsiveness Questionnaire (ERQ)424
- Empathy See also Antisocial behavior
- affective422
- aggression423–424
- antisocial behavior419–421
- cognitive422
- cross-group friendship433
- dehumanization433–435
- description422
- dispositional, and antisocial behavior422–426
- dispositional, ideological attitudes and prejudice426–428
- empathic feelings431–432
- from lack of, to prejudice427–428
- gap356
- intergroup contact and intergroup bias432–433
- lack of “realistic,”435
- offending425–426
- promoting, through intergroup contact560–561
- role-playing and perspective-taking429–431
- self120–121
- social life419
- us vs. them428–435
- Empathy-altruism hypothesis, help-giving399–400
- Empirical action research806
- Empirical distinguishability, dyadic design216–217
- Employee engagement, work712
- Energy, emotions323
- Energy consumers, group537
- Environment
- interpersonal rejection588–590
- person in586–587
- self-regulatory processes584–586
- vulnerability-inducing580–582
- Environmentalism, replacing Social Darwinism17
- Environmental issues, attitudes372
- Equality matching, models of relationality184–185
- Equal status, situation for intergroups552–553
- Eriksen Flankers Task117
- Essentialist thinking, evolution theory153
- Estrogen, human environment159
- Ethnicity, personality and social psychology23–24
- Ethnic nationalism242
- European approach, groups519–520
- European Review of Social Psychology25
- Evaluative conditioning (EC), valence acquisition346
- Evaluative priming345
- Evers, Medgar, civil rights545
- Evidence See also Forensic psychology; See also Jury trial
- alibi760–761
- deception detection754–756
- eyewitness identifications761–766
- inadmissible771
- police interrogations and confessions756–760
- Evocation, term460
- Evoked culture171
- Evolutionary biology, evolution157–158
- Evolutionary perspectives See also Human niche
- adaptationism154–157
- adaptive contingent variation172
- Big Five174–175
- cost-benefit modeling156
- cultural variation170–171
- Darwin152–153
- developmental systems theory157–158
- ecological niche159–160
- evolutionary biology157–158
- evolutionary economics156
- evolutionary psychology156–157
- friendship168–169
- genetic variation in personality173–174
- individual differences171–172
- kinship170
- mating and pair-bonding169–170
- modern synthesis153
- negative frequency-dependent selection172–173
- norms and morality170
- personality and social psychology151–152
- phylogenetic analysis158–159
- reflections175–176
- social adaptations and human niche163–169
- social behavior169
- theory of evolution by natural selection152–153
- variations in fitness173
- Evolutionary processes, democratic society16
- Evolution-based theories, motive classes291–292
- Exaptation, adaptation154–155
- Exchange situations, interdependence82
- Expectancy-value model, attitude376
- Experiences in Close Relationships inventory (ECR)478
- Experimental action research806
- Experimental psychology, Harvard20
- Experimental Psychology, Woodworth and Schlosberg315
- Experimental Social Psychology, Murphy and Murphy13–14
- Explanations
- attribution theory354–355
- self-referential perception of others355–356
- simulation theory355–356
- theory of mind355
- Explicit attitudes, persuasion380–381
- Explicit impressions, term338
- Explicit responses, attitudes372–373
- Explorations in Personality, Murray19
- Extensive cooperation, human adaptive complex161–162
- Extraversion529
- Extrinsic motivation, self-determination theory295–296
- Eyewitness identifications See also Forensic psychology
- accuracy and consistency of descriptions765
- estimator variables761–762
- identification speed765–766
- lineup administration764
- lineup composition763
- lineup instructions763
- lineup presentation763–764
- stress762
- system variables763–764
- weapons762
- witness accuracy764–766
- witness confidence765
- Facebook, behavior105
- Faces
- affect and asymmetric frontal activity128
- Asian132
- attention345
- implicit motives293
- impressions338
- perception118–119
- research on intergroup bias and brain131–133
- seeing groups130
- target features351
- Facilitation, active and passive342
- Factional influence529
- False consciousness, concept22
- False evidence ploy, confession758–759
- Family
- background, and life experiences789
- immigration and, dynamics654–659
- impact of divorce652–654
- kinship helping407
- Fantasy realization theory, goals300
- Feature utilization68
- Felt security, attachment system471
- Festinger, Leon22
- Field theory, situation74
- Fishing, human adaptive complex161–162
- Fitness, variations in173
- Follower, personality-in-situation692–694
- Foragers, human adaptive complex161–162
- Forensic psychology
- alibi evidence760–761
- behavior in legal system753–754
- deception detection754–756
- decision rule768–769
- dispositional risk factors757–758
- evidentiary issues769–770
- eyewitness identifications761–766
- Frye test772
- inadmissible evidence771
- jury nullification771–772
- jury selection766–768
- lineups763–764
- nonevidentiary issues770–772
- personality and social psychology753–754
- phenomenology of innocence759–760
- police interrogations and confessions756–760
- postdictors of witness accuracy764–766
- pretrial publicity770–771
- procedural issues in jury decision-making768–769
- science, common sense and role of, in courts772
- situational risk factors758–759
- system variables of lineups763–764
- training to detect deception755–756
- trial by jury766–772
- witness accuracy764–766
- wizards of lie detection756
- Fragmented pluralism approach, multiculturalism626–627
- Frameworks, describing others343–344
- Framing, message, for health738–740
- Frankfurt School, Marxists22
- Freedom House Ratings, multilevel analysis255
- Frenkel-Brunswik, Else22
- Frijda, Nico25
- Frye test, expert testimony772
- Function, adaptation154
- Functional design, concept155
- Functional leadership theory, team leadership718
- Functional projection, perception350
- Fundamental attribution error (FAE)354
- Funding agencies, personality and social psychology834–835
- Galton, Francis, social factors16
- Gender
- discrimination787
- empathy and offending425
- help-giving398
- immigration659
- mating motives291–292
- personality and social psychology23–24
- Gene-environment interaction, well-being611
- General Social Survey, multilevel analysis254
- Generation, divorce654
- Generational analysis, immigration654–655
- Generation-since-immigration654
- Genes
- evolutionary biology157–158
- evolution theory152–153
- modern synthesis153
- negative frequency-dependent selection172–173
- roles in personality and social psychology137–138
- Genetic determinism, Darwinism157
- Genetic program, concept157
- Genetics, traits38–39
- Genetic variation, personality173–174
- GenX660
- Gestalt psychology, attitude assessment18
- Gibsonian approach, perception of situations70–71
- Global cultures, multiculturalism640
- Globalization, multiculturalism and641–642
- Global-local focus, emotions328–329
- Global/local processing style model (GLOMO)345
- Goal orientation, leadership689–690
- Goals
- achievement situations301
- appraisal298
- automatic processes and implicit302–303
- congruence and conflict304–305
- conscious vs. nonconscious goal pursuit303–304
- defensive pessimism302
- definition297
- fantasy realization theory300
- intergroups552–553
- mind-set theory of action phases299
- personal, as personality301–302
- personality systems interaction theory299
- selection and commitment299–300
- self-regulation300
- structure and content298–299
- Goddard, Henry16
- Go/No-Go Associations Test (GNAT)348
- Go/No-Go task117
- Grant Study, well-being602
- Gratification, ability to delay82–83
- Gratitude, helping relations401
- Greatest Generation, and Baby Boom660
- Group consciousness See also Collective action
- individual differences, and collective action789–793
- low-status798
- relative deprivation theory786–788
- social psychological models of, and collective action782–788
- Group identification, self-categorization650
- Group identities, social theories783–784
- Group maintenance
- cohesion531–532
- integration of new members533
- resolution of relational conflict532–533
- Group mean234
- Group mind, notions of17–18
- Group-oriented collectivists, interdependent constructions186–187
- Group personality composition (GPC)525
- Groups See also Intergroup processes; See also Multiculturalism
- actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) for230–232
- authoritarianism521
- Big Five predicting performance525–526
- Big Five traits523–524
- coaction phenomenon536–537
- conflict situations520–525
- decision-making527–531
- definition521
- definitions for data analysis211–212
- distinguishability211–212
- future research534–537
- helping relations395
- history of groups-individual differences interface518–520
- individual differences517
- individual-group discontinuity524
- levels of analysis240
- membership535–536
- models for research230–235
- multilevel analysis242
- multilevel modeling (MLM)212–214
- nature of personality in536–537
- nonindependence211
- one-with-many (OWM) design232–234
- overview of studies209–211
- persons nested in250
- role of personality and behavior524–525
- situations85–86
- social and personality psychology209
- social relations model (SRM)234–235
- social value orientation (SVO)522–523
- sports526–527
- task-performing525–527
- understudied traits526
- us vs. them428–435
- Groups-individual differences
- behaviorism518–519
- discontinuity524
- European approach519–520
- history518–520
- Mann review520
- systematic approach519–520
- Growth models, dyadic227–230
- Guilford, J. P.19
- Guilt, emotion324
- Gulf War792
- Habits, personality dispositions378–379
- Habitual behavior, novel vs.96
- Habitus, selfways as190
- Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology, plan of action6–8
- Handbooks6
- Harvard Psychological Clinic18
- Health, personality41
- Health behavior
- implications for interventions735
- intervention strategies729–730
- linkages between personality and730–731
- matching frames to perception of behavior738
- matching frames to personality738–740
- matching intervention strategies to people735–745
- measurement-of-mediation approach737
- mediated moderation732–734
- message framing738–740
- message tailoring740–741
- moderated mediation734–735
- morbidity and mortality rates729
- patient x treatment matching742–744
- principles in social and personality psychology730
- processes underlying matching interventions744–745
- stage matching741–742
- theory of planned behavior (TPB)731
- translation of theory into practice747–748
- Health psychology46
- Hedonic adaptation, well-being606–607
- Hedonic treadmill theory, well-being613–614
- Help, characteristics of402
- Help-giving See also Helping relations
- altruism or disguised egoism399–400
- altruistic personality398–399
- attribution400–401
- belongingness409–410
- consequences of, for helper403–404
- developmental antecedents398
- gender398
- helping relations and395–396
- motivation to help399–401
- normative influences397
- research396–401
- situational determinants396–397
- social responsibility397
- when people help396–397
- who helps?397–399
- Helping relations See also Help-giving
- attachment and407–408
- characteristics of help402
- characteristics of helper402
- characteristics of recipient402–403
- disposition401
- gratitude401
- helper-recipient relations404
- help-giving and395–396
- help-giving for helper403–404
- intergroup404–407
- intergroup, between differentially advantaged groups405–406
- kin vs. non-kin407
- negative consequences401–403
- positive consequences401
- racial boundaries406–407
- recipient coping403
- self-categorization and cross–group405
- self-threat and self-support401–403
- social exclusion and helping408
- volunteering408–409
- Herskovits, Melville17
- Heuristic-systematic model379
- Hidden profile effect, group discussion536
- Historical generation, immigration654
- Hitler, Adolf, personality evaluation19
- HIV/AIDS, volunteerism813–817
- Holidays, official194
- Holistic tendencies, constructions of self185
- Holocaust, catastrophe665–667
- Homburger, Erik18
- Human adaptation, behavior579
- Human adaptive complex161–163
- Human Development Index (HDI), United Nations254–255
- Humanitarian intervention, poor16
- Humanization, self121
- Human niche
- alternative views of163
- coalition partners164–165
- coevolved components of human adaptive complex162–163
- ecological niche159–160
- hominin niches vs. ape niche160–161
- human adaptive complex161–162
- primate niches and evolution of Miocene apes160
- social adaptations163–169
- Human sexuality, social constructionism809–810
- Hunting, human adaptive complex161–162
- Hurricane Katrina, impact667
- Hyperactivation
- attachment behavioral system472–473
- attachment theory470
- exploration behavioral system473
- scale items for behavioral system479
- sexual behavioral system475–476
- Hypothesis testing, social neuroscience113–114
- Hypothetical construct, subjective well-being600
- Ickes, William26
- Identity See Multicultural identity; See Self
- Identity stories
- content of191–192
- dynamic construction of personal197–198
- organization of192
- personal191–192
- Imagined community, collective self185
- Immersive virtual environment technologies (IVET)104
- Immigration
- conditions of arrival655–657
- economic conditions656
- family dynamics654–659
- generational analysis654–655
- intersectional analysis of experience657–659
- motivation to leave655
- social conditions656–657
- Implicit goals, automatic processes and302–303
- Implicit impressions, term338
- Implicit motive theory
- motivation292–295
- profiles293–294
- relationships between implicit and explicit motives294–295
- Implicit personality theories (IPT)339–340
- Implicit responses, attitude374–375
- Impressions
- accuracy of initial348–351
- attention345
- conceptions of traits340–341
- control and automatic processes347–348
- deception349–350
- formation processes344–348
- frameworks describing others343–344
- lay descriptions of others338–344
- motivated biases and distortions350–351
- perceiver features353
- perception338–339
- priming345–346
- relational features353–354
- social and personality psychology337–338
- spontaneous inferences from behaviors347
- stereotypes341–343
- target features351–352
- terms338
- traits’ relations to each other339–340
- types341
- valence acquisition346–347
- Impulse expression, personality792
- Incidental effects, adaptation155
- Inclusive fitness hypothesis407
- Independence, recipient of help410–411
- Independent constructions, self183–187
- Indistinguishable, group members212
- Indistinguishable dyads, actor-partner independence model (APIM)218–219
- Individual, discontinuity with groups524
- Individual differences, multilevel radical coefficient model (MRCM)252
- Individual well-being See also Well-being
- measurement of598–599
- term597–598
- Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology45–46
- Infants See also Attachment
- parent-child attachment487
- Influence, group decision-making528–530
- Informant report, assessing behavior96–97
- Information, group discussion527–528
- Infrahumanization, dehumanization measure434
- Ingroup love, vs. outgroup hate546
- Inhibition, person-in-situation683–685
- Injustice, perceived783
- Input-process-output, team effectiveness720
- Institute for Social Research (ISR), University of Michigan20
- Institute of Personality, Assessment and Research (IPAR), University of California20
- Integration
- emerging opportunities for56–57
- levels between personality and social psychology47
- likely routes of48–49
- new members into groups533
- opportunities for33–34
- personality and social psychology46–48
- whole trait theory49–56
- Integrative approach, benefits for well-being614
- Intelligence testing, developments16–17
- Intentional behaviors340
- Interactional continuity, style26
- Interactional perspectives
- dependency/risk regulation and self-esteem503–505
- future directions510–513
- psychology494–496
- theories496–503
- Interactional strategy65
- Interactionist views, persons and situations4–5
- Interactions, Person x Situation (P x S)66
- Interaction signatures, relationships499
- Interactive pluralism approach, multiculturalism627
- Interdependence theory (IT)
- An Atlas of Interpersonal Situations78–79
- basis of interdependence82
- description78–79
- groups, organizations and cultures85–86
- mutuality of outcome interdependence81
- outcome correspondence81–82
- outcome interdependence81
- person and situation79–80
- situations70
- study of dispositions494
- taxonomy of situations80–81
- temporal structure82–83
- Interdependent constructions, self185–187
- Intergroup
- control and regulation of, bias133–135
- empathy and, contact and bias432–433
- helping relations404–407
- intergroup helping as status relations model (IHSR)405
- situational conditions552
- social-personality research131–133
- Intergroup processes130
- anxiety reduction through558–560
- cooperation and common goals552–553
- cross-group friendship556–558
- defining prejudice546–547
- diverse societies552–562
- equal status in situation552–553
- institutional support553
- potential for positive outcomes561–562
- promoting empathy through560–561
- recategorization and superordinate group identities555–556
- relationship motivation and needs562
- salience of group membership553–558
- situational conditions for, contact552
- specifying sources of prejudice547–552
- Internal dispositions See also Dispositions
- behavior367–368
- theory and research386–387
- Internalization, self-determination theory296
- Internal working models, behavior469
- International Social Survey Program (ISSP)243
- Internet, behavior104–105
- Internment, Japanese Americans665–667
- Interpersonal circle77
- Interpersonal circumplex model, situation-behavior450
- Interpersonal dimension, person- situation448
- Interpersonal dynamics, self279–281
- Interpersonal forces, behavioral field578
- Interpersonal goals, dynamics of280–281
- Interpersonal processes, social and personality psychology209
- Interpersonal rejection
- environmental vulnerabilities588–590
- personality vulnerabilities590
- P x E vulnerabilities587–590
- Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes (IRGP)209–210
- Interpersonal situations, types458
- Interpersonal theory (IT), groups518
- Intersectional analysis, immigration experience657–659
- Intervention See also Health behavior
- AIDS and volunteerism815–816
- healthy behavior729–730
- matching to people735–745
- well-being608–610
- Intra-individual variation, well-being601–603
- Intrinsic motivation, self-determination theory295–296
- Invention of Society, Moscovici15
- Isolation, confessions757
- Item response theory (IRT), well-being600–601
- Iterative processing model, attitudes321
- Japanese Americans, internment of665–667
- Jews, dehumanization434
- Job involvement, work714
- Job satisfaction, work713–714
- Johnson v. Louisiana768
- Journal of Applied Psychology715
- Journal of Personality577
- Journal of Research in Personality49
- Judging others, impression356
- Judgmental biases, well-being606
- Jung, Carl15
- Jury trial See also Forensic psychology
- bias in jury selection768
- decision rule768–769
- evidentiary issues769–770
- inadmissible evidence771
- jury nullification771–772
- jury selection766–768
- jury size768
- nonevidentiary issues770–772
- pretrial publicity770–771
- procedural issues768–769
- scientific jury selection767–768
- Juvenile dependence, human adaptive complex161
- Kagan, Jerome20
- Kahneman, Daniel, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics28
- Kelley, Harold, ANOVA model27
- Kelman, Herbert20
- Klineberg, Otto17
- Kluckhohn, Clyde20
- Knowledge acquisition452–453
- Knowledge function382
- Kroeber, Alfred17
- Labor movement, activism659
- Lagged models, dyads225–227
- Language dominance528
- Latent trait, well-being600–601
- Late positive potential (LPP), oddball task123–124
- Latino immigrants, social conditions656–657
- Leader-follower relationship
- follower personality-in-situation692–694
- Leadership
- Big Five678–682
- follower personality-in-situation692–694
- goal orientation689–690
- learning orientation687–688
- motivation680–681
- organizational psychology715–719
- personality and715–716
- personality and, effectiveness674–675
- person x situation interactions691–692
- research673–674
- self-efficacy680–681
- self-regulatory focus689–690
- self-sacrificial717–718
- social groupings673
- social identity theory690–691
- team718–719
- trait perspective675–678
- Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ)101
- Leadership categorization theory690
- Leadership Trait Questionnaires (LTQ)100
- Least preferred coworker (LPC), leadership effectiveness677–678
- LeBon, Gustave17–18
- Legal system
- Lesbians See Gays and lesbians
- Levinson, Daniel22
- Lewin, Kurt13, 511
- action research805–806
- E term579
- framework for equation577–578
- laboratory experiments21
- methodological advances19
- Person term579
- Lexical hypothesis, personality447
- Life experiences
- collective action794
- group consciousness794
- group consciousness and collective action789–791
- individual differences794
- Life span
- behavior through life stages649–651
- catastrophes of human and natural origin663–667
- general impact of war663–665
- immigration and family dynamics654–659
- impact of divorce652–654
- life changes651
- person and social contexts651
- seeking social change659–663
- stages663
- Lineups See Eyewitness identifications
- Lippitt, Ronald22
- Low frequency behaviors96
- McCarthy, Joseph, communism in education21
- McDougall, William16
- MacKinnon, Donald, Institute of Personality, Assessment and Research (ISAR)20
- Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), genes172–173
- Mann review, groups520
- Many-perceivers, one-target (MP1T) design, group232
- Marital research, stability459
- Market pricing, models of relationality184
- Martyr’s behavior529
- Marxists, Frankfurt School22
- Maslow, Abraham23
- Master identities, content of191
- Matching interventions See also Health behavior
- health behavior744–745
- message framing738–740
- message tailoring740–741
- patient x treatment742–744
- Mating, evolutionary perspective169–170
- Mead, George Herbert16
- Mead, Margaret17
- Mechanism, brain115
- Mechanistic dehumanization341
- Mediation model, leadership681
- Mediators and moderators See also Health behavior
- mediated moderation732–734
- moderated mediation734–735
- Medical students, attitudes toward elderly429
- Members, integration of new, in groups533
- Membership, low-status group790
- Memory, automaticity116–117
- Mendelian gene theory153
- Mental health, attachment and481–482
- Mental interactions73
- Mentalizing, theory of mind119–120
- Message tailoring, health740–741
- Methodological integration, well-being610–612
- Mexican Americans, immigration654–655
- Mind-set theory of action299
- Mirror neurons, empathy121
- Mischel, Walter26
- Mission statements, social policy804–805
- Model of ambivalence-induced discomfort (MAID)346–347
- MODE model, attitude-behavior372
- Moderators See Mediators and moderators
- Monoculturalism626
- Montagu, Ashley17
- Mood effects, well-being605
- Morale, social psychology20
- Morality, evolutionary perspective170
- Morbidity rates, health729
- Mortality rates, health729
- Moscovici, Serge15
- Mosteller, Frederick20
- Motivated biases, distortions and350–351
- Motivation
- achievement301
- approach and avoidance289–290
- behavioral inhibition and activation systems290
- categorization of motives290–292
- congruence and conflict304–305
- emotion and124–125
- emotions323
- future directions303–305
- help-giving399–401
- historical influence289
- immigration655
- implicit motive theory292–295
- intergroup relations562
- perception of relevance125
- prefrontal cortex (PFC) asymmetries127–129
- promotion-focused tendencies184
- regulatory focus theory (RFT)290
- self-determination theory295–297
- social psychology44
- study of287
- Motivational process, whole trait theory53
- Motive profile approach, leadership677
- Multicultural, term625
- Multicultural identity
- bicultural identity integration (BII)632–636
- individual differences in631–636
- measurement630–636
- operationalization630–636
- Multiculturalism
- acculturation and627–630
- cosmopolitan approach626
- defining624–630
- emergent third culture640
- fragmented pluralism approach626–627
- and globalization641–642
- group differences in636–637
- ideology and policies625
- interactive pluralism approach627
- minority groups625
- new directions640–641
- prevalence and importance623–624
- psychological and societal consequences637–640
- societal and intergroup levels625–627
- Multilevel modeling (MLM)
- aggregation and disaggregation243–244
- applications in personality and social psychology251–256
- cross-cultural research242
- data analytic approach210
- differences across persons241
- dyadic data214–216
- group data212–214
- levels of analysis240
- national identification and anti-immigrant prejudice243
- persons nested in cultures or nations250–251
- persons nested in dyads or groups250
- persons nested within groups242
- situations or contexts nested in persons249–250
- testing distinguishability in dyadic design216–217
- when and why for analyses240–244
- within-person variability241
- Multilevel random coefficient model (MRCM)
- categorical outcomes247
- centering246
- cross-cultural research254–256
- integrating personality and social psychology249–251
- introduction244–247
- level 2 variables as outcome248–249
- multilevel mediation247
- multilevel structural equation modeling (ML-SEM)247–248
- nonlinearity247
- personality or within persons processes251–252
- personality x situation253–254
- person x situation253–254
- statistical analysis240
- Multiple inference model355
- Multistate-multitrait-multiconstruct model, well-being600
- Murder, antisocial behavior420
- Murphy, Gardner, Experimental Social Psychology13–14
- Murray, Henry
- academic psychology15
- Explorations in Personality601
- personality psychology18
- stimulus situation73
- Mutual acceptance, personality and social psychology46–48
- Mutual differentiation model433
- Mutualism, friendship168–169
- Naive realism183
- National Institutes of Health834
- Nationalism242
- Nationality, ethnic vs. civic243
- National Science Foundation835
- Nativism626
- Natural kinds, emotion318
- Natural science, Allport18
- Needs, leadership personality676–677
- Needs-supplies fit, person-job fit708
- Negative frequency-dependent selection, genes172–173
- Negativity, person vs. situation24
- Negotiation, social value orientation523
- Netherlands, multiculturalism625
- Neural assessments, attitudes123–124
- Neuroscience See also Self
- affective style137
- amygdala (AMG)113
- anger128–129
- asymmetric involvement of prefrontal cortex (PFC)127–129
- attitudes122–123
- automaticity116–117
- brain mapping112–113
- brain mapping of racial bias130–131
- content areas115
- control and regulation of intergroup bias133–135
- emotion and motivation124–125
- emotion regulation129–130
- empathy120–121
- fear processing125–126
- hormones and psychological dispositions138–139
- humanization121
- hypothesis testing113–114
- intergroup emotion and brain136–137
- intergroup processes130
- medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)113
- mentalizing and theory of mind119–120
- methods of social and personality115
- neural assessments of attitudes123–124
- orbital frontal cortex (OFC)113
- perceiving faces118–119
- perception of motivational relevance125
- perception of self and others118–122
- questions for analysis115
- research of intergroup bias and brain131–133
- reverse inference114–115
- reward processing126–127
- roles of genes in personality and social psychology137–138
- seeing groups130
- self118
- significance of mPFC121–122
- social, approach112
- social cognition and self116–125
- state affect128
- stereotyping133
- trait affective styles127–128
- Neuroticism, group data212–214
- New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina667
- Nigrescence, politicized group identification785–786
- Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, Kahneman28
- No-fault divorce652
- Nominal situations vs. psychological71
- Nonconscious goal pursuit303–304
- Nonindependence, definition211
- Nonlinearity, multilevel modeling247
- Normative beliefs, term376
- Normative parameters, behavioral systems468–469
- North American experimental psychology27
- Novel behavior, vs. habitual96
- Obama, Barack, multiculturalism623
- Obedience, behavior94
- Obedience experiments, affordance68
- Obesity, health729
- Objective features vs. perceived features of situations70–71
- Observation
- personal living spaces105–106
- selecting or developing system99–101
- strengths and weakness of behavior103
- Occupational psychology702
- Offending, empathy and425–426
- Office of Strategic Services (OSS)19
- Official holidays194
- Olfaction and hormone effects, target352
- One-perceiver, many-targets (1PMT) design, group232
- One-with-many design (OWM), group research232–234
- Operationalization, multicultural identity630–636
- Optimism, activism793
- Orchestration, genetic program157
- Organizational behavior702
- Organizational psychology See also Work
- collective personality709–710
- definitions702–703
- job attitudes710–715
- leader-member exchange (LMX)716–717
- leadership715–719
- personality and social psychology and work attitudes712–715
- personality as predictor706–707
- person-environment fit704–710
- team leadership718–719
- teams and teamwork719–722
- themes702
- theory borrowing703–704
- Outgroup hate, ingroup love vs.546
- Outliers, Gladwell94
- Over-time dyadic models221–230
- design issues222–223
- growth models227–230
- lagged models for dyads225–227
- person-period data structure224
- standard actor-partner interdependence model (APIM)223–225
- three-level nested vs. crossed depiction221
- Pair-bonding, evolutionary perspective169–170
- Parental divorce, influence on children651
- Parents See Attachment
- Parsons, Talcott20
- Participant action research806
- Partner effect217
- Passive facilitation342
- Pathogens, evolutionary perspective171
- Patient x treatment matching, health behavior742–744
- Peace, Great Depression19
- Perceived features, objective vs., of situations70–71
- Perceiver effect234
- Perceiver qualities, Big Five174–175
- Perceiver variance235
- Permeability, regions577
- Persian Gulf War664–665
- Person See also Traits
- antisocial behavior421–422
- approaches to self279
- cognitive perspectives on41–43
- comparing perspectives45
- conceptions of7
- current knowledge about traits35
- disorder-based perspectives44–45
- environment586–587
- integrating perspectives56–57
- interaction with situations4–5
- interdependence theory79–80
- motivational perspectives43–44
- multilevel radical coefficient model (MRCM)251–252
- nested in cultures or nations250–251
- nested in dyads and small groups250
- person-situation debate39–40
- person x situation interactionism74–75
- perspectives on34–35
- rapid growth and opportunities for integration33–34
- relationship of personality to social psychology fields45–49
- self-esteem265–266
- trait developments of decade36–41
- trait perspectives on35–41
- Personal Data Sheet, Woodworth17
- Personality
- adulthood personality change39
- affective processing329–330
- altruistic, in help-giving398–399
- antisocial behavior421–422
- authoritarian548–549
- behavior369
- behavioral systems and483–488
- behavioral systems association with486
- Big Five675
- characteristics791–793
- collective action794
- concept86
- construal and alternativism42
- defensive pessimism302
- definition649
- emotion330
- five-factor model675
- Freud15
- genetics38–39
- genetic variation in173–174
- group behavior524–525
- group consciousness and collective action791–793
- groups research535–536
- help-giving398–399
- influence529
- integrating perspectives within55–56
- interpersonal and intergroup helping411
- interpersonal theories446–447
- Jung15
- leader, and effectiveness688–692
- leadership and715–716
- leadership effectiveness674–675
- levels of analysis240
- linkages between health and730–731
- matching frames to738–740
- nature of, in groups536–537
- normal and abnormal behavior576–577
- personal goals as301–302
- personal vulnerability582–583
- persons and situations14
- rejection sensitivity456–459
- relational schemas454–455
- relationship outcomes460–461
- role of5
- self-monitoring707
- social identities650–651
- social interaction446–451
- states52
- subjective well-being (SWB)37–38
- target and observer agreement39
- transference and relational self455–456
- understanding, within social interaction451–454
- understanding by situation331
- Personality: A Psychological Interpretation, Allport13, 17, 18
- abnormal psychology591–592
- advantages to integration of46
- coming back together (1985–present)26–28
- conceptions of self265
- contributions to science of well-being610–614
- department structures835
- dual crises (1965–1985)23–25
- early developments (1920–1935)16–18
- evolutionary perspectives151–152
- funding agencies834–835
- future directions for well-being research614–615
- health behavior730
- impressions337–338
- infrastructure833–836
- integrating behavior into106–107
- integration levels47
- internal dispositions367–368
- journals834
- multiculturalism and globalization641–642
- mutual acceptance46–48
- origins through World War I14–16
- policy differences807–813
- professional organizations833–834
- psychopathology574
- research and theory583
- research of intergroup bias and brain131–133
- role of genes in137–138
- social-cognitive theory51
- structural differentiation and slow acceptance (1950–1965)21–23
- teaching836
- war influences18–21
- work attitude study712–715
- Personality at the Crossroads74
- Personality development, study534–535
- Personality Processes and Individual Differences (PPID)209–210
- Personality psychologists3
- Big Five174–175
- definitions3–4
- group identification and self-categorization650
- individual characteristics14
- integration of, and social psychology46
- intergroup bias and the brain131–133
- mutual acceptance of social and46–48
- perceived crisis24
- perspectives on person34–35
- relationship to social psychology fields45–49
- research4
- routes of integration48–49
- situations mattering in66–68
- social psychology venturing into5
- trait hierarchy36–37
- whole trait theory49–56
- Personality signatures450
- Personality systems interaction theory, goals299
- Personality testing, developments16–17
- Personality traits, accessibility368–369
- Personal Living Space Cue Inventory (PLSCI)105–106
- Personal living spaces (PLSs), observation105–106
- Personal moderators, situations and behavior4
- Personal norms, help-giving397
- The Person and the Situation65
- Person-by-situation See also Interactional perspectives
- close relationships493–494
- future directions510–513
- Person effects, situation effects vs.25
- Person in context See also Cultural psychology
- cultural worlds195–201
- downstream consequences of action196–197
- dynamic construction of personal identity197–198
- intentional worlds198–201
- upstream impacts on action196
- Person-in-situation
- activation683–685
- before the Big Five685
- Big Five and beyond685–688
- effectiveness683–685
- inhibition683–685
- leader personality and effectiveness688–692
- PERSON model, accuracy349
- Person models, describing others343
- Personology Society, Carlson24
- Person variables, term67
- Perspective-taking, empathy429–431
- Persuasion
- attitudes research107
- automatic change processes383
- central processing381
- changing behavior384–385
- changing implicit attitudes383–384
- changing intentions385–386
- explicit attitudes and380–381
- implementation intentions386
- shallow/heuristic processing382–383
- Pessimism, defensive302
- Pettigrew, Thomas F., multilevel modeling239–240
- P-factor analysis, well-being602
- Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale, well-being598–599
- Philosophies of Human Nature scale522
- Phylogenetic analysis, evolution158–159
- Phylogenetic tree158
- Phylogeny158
- Police interrogations, confessions756–760
- Policy See Social policy
- Political activism, seeking social change659–663
- Politicization, low-status group membership790
- Population thinking, evolution theory153
- Positive affect (PA)37
- Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), well-being599
- Positron emission tomography (PET), cerebral blood flow118
- Poverty, Great Depression19
- Pragmatic accuracy349
- Pragmatic response, adaptation158
- Preformationism158
- Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
- asymmetries associated with emotion and motivation127–129
- empathy420
- implementing control134–135
- Prejudice See also Intergroup processes
- antisocial behavior420
- attachment, ideological attitudes and427
- authoritarian personality548–549
- contemporary forms of546–547
- defining intergroup546–547
- definitions546
- dispositional empathy, ideological attitudes and426–428
- from lack of empathy to427–428
- Great Depression19
- human propensities for547–548
- individual and ideological bases of548–550
- ingroup love vs. outgroup hate546
- intergroup contact433
- Jim Crow racism545–546
- propensities for194–195
- realistic vs. symbolic threat551
- rejection589
- self-categorization theory (SCT)547–548
- social and structural dynamics of550–552
- social dominance theory (SDT)549–550
- social identity theory (SIT)547
- social integration vs. segregation551–552
- specifying sources of547–552
- stereotypes342
- system justification theory (SJT)550
- Prestige, status165–166
- Prevention-focused tendencies, construction of self186
- Prisoner Dilemma Paradigm context432
- Prisoners, dehumanization433–435
- Prisoner’s dilemma game529
- Procedural priming345
- Process dissociation procedure (PDP)347–348
- Professional associations, personality and social psychology5–6
- Professional societies, social policy820–821
- Promotion focus, power476
- Prosocial behavior, helping394–395
- Proximate causation, evolutionary psychology156–157
- Psychological dispositions, hormones and138–139
- Psychological distance, impression354
- Psychological immune systems, evolutionary perspective171
- Psychological Science in Court: Beyond Common Knowledge, Borgida and Fiske772
- Psychological situations, nominal vs.71
- Psychology See also Personality and social psychology; See also Personality psychology; See also Social psychology
- interactional perspectives in494–496
- multiculturalism637–640
- self-regulation and P x E vulnerabilities583–587
- Psychopathology
- meaning and purpose579–580
- personality and social behavior574
- research and theory583
- social psychology and575
- Psychotherapy, behavior therapy575
- Public policies See also Social policy
- Punishment, justification538n.5
- Puppet Procedure, empathy423
- Quarrelsome-dominant (QD), interpersonal circumplex450
- Quarrelsome-submissive (QS), interpersonal circumplex450
- Racial bias
- brain mapping130–131
- intergroup anxiety136–137
- research on intergroup bias and brain131–133
- role-playing430
- Racial boundaries, helping relations across406–407
- Racism, Jim Crow545–546
- Random error process, whole trait theory53
- Realistic accuracy model (RAM)349
- Realistic threat vs. symbolic threat551
- Recategorization, intergroups555–556
- Reciprocal altruism409
- Reciprocal design, group232
- Regulatory forces, behavioral field578
- Reid, John E., lie detection755
- Rejection See also Interpersonal rejection
- P x E vulnerabilities and interpersonal587–590
- word589
- Rejection sensitivity
- If … then … signatures456–457
- personality456–459
- race-based model (RS-race)457–458
- self-fulfilling prophecy460
- social environment77
- social identity457–459
- Relational conflict, resolution of532–533
- Relational features, impressions353–354
- Relationality, independent construction of self184–185
- Relational schemas, personality dynamics454–455
- Relational self, transference and455–456
- Relational signatures, attachment507
- Relations See Helping relations
- Relationship effect234
- Relationships See also Dyads; See also Groups
- affecting individual-level outcomes461
- attachment488
- Big Five factors and leadership678–682
- close, and well-being607–608
- dependency/risk regulation and self-esteem503–505
- diathesis-stress and attachment styles507–510
- dynamics of risk regulation280
- future directions510–513
- helping relations407–409
- impact of divorce652–654
- interactional approach494–496
- interactional programs of research503–510
- intergroup motivation and needs562
- marriage460–461
- multiculturalism and adjustment638–639
- personality processes shaping460–461
- person-by-situation perspectives on close493–494
- regulatory focus and close505–506
- social and personality psychology209
- Relative deprivation theory, group consciousness and collective action786–788
- Relevance, perception of motivational125
- Reliability, training and behavior assessment102–103
- Repetitive priming345
- Research, personality and social psychology4
- Research methodology, social policy810–812
- Research question, behavior assessment99
- Resolution, group maintenance532–533
- Resource-holding power (RHP)476
- Resource mobilization theory, social movements790–791
- Reverse inference, neuroscience114–115
- Reward processing, neuroscience126–127
- Reward structures, social policy822
- Reynolds, Katherine25
- Riesman, David20
- Right to Life, organization786
- Right-wing conservative, collective action797
- Risk, group decision-making531
- Riverside Situational Q-Sort70
- Rogers, Carl23
- Role-playing, empathy429–431
- Rorschach test, well-being601
- Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory (RSEI)266
- Ross, Edward16
- Rule interdependent, interdependence theory80
- Sadness, emotions323
- Safety, attachment behavioral system471–473
- Salience, group membership in intergroup contact553–558
- Sanford, Nevitt22
- Sapir, Edward17
- Scherer, Klaus25
- Scholarly journals6
- Science, forensic psychology772
- Science and Human Behavior, Skinner519
- Secondary adaptation155
- Secondary strategies, attachment470
- Second Step: A Violence Prevention Program424
- Secure-base script, behavior469
- Seeing groups, social categories130
- Segmented assimilation556
- Selective prediction, term735
- Self See also Self-esteem
- attachment and mental representations of481
- attitudes122–124
- automatic and controlled processing116
- automaticity116–117
- behaviorism16
- Buddhist philosophy264–265
- capacity to conceive263–264
- control117
- cultural-ecological scaffolding of187–190
- defining the264–265
- emotion and motivation124–125
- empathy120–121
- humanization121
- independent constructions of183–187
- interdependent constructions of185–187
- interpersonal and intrapersonal dynamics of279–281
- limitations of person, situation and person x situation279
- mentalizing and theory of mind119–120
- perceiving faces118–119
- perception of118–122
- personality and social psychology conceptions of265
- role of self-directed negative affect136
- self-regulation305
- significance of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)121–122
- social cognition and116–125
- social interactions461
- social-personality psychology118
- social psychology43
- Self-compassion272
- Self-concept clarity, social interactions461
- Self-determination theory
- assumptions of universality296–297
- causality orientations296
- internalization, autonomy and self-regulation296
- intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation295–296
- motivation295–297
- Self determination theory (SDT), motivation and person43–44
- Self-esteem
- dynamics of280–281
- effects on state278–279
- future directions273
- individual differences266–273
- moderator of effects of situations278
- personality and social psychology831–832
- person-by-situation approach503–505
- person x situation interactions278–279
- relationship outcome460
- situational variability273–278
- terror management theory276–277
- viewing through person, situation and person x situation265–266
- well-being608
- Self-referential perception, simulation theory and355–356
- Self-regulation
- affect and300
- cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS)76
- defensive pessimism302
- environmental vulnerabilities584–586
- person43–44
- personality vulnerabilities586
- P x E vulnerabilities583–587
- self and305
- self-determination theory296
- strength300
- Self-relevance, social comparison166–167
- Self-sacrifice, leadership717–718
- Self-selection, environment550
- Self-support, helping relations401–403
- Self-threat, helping relations401–403
- Self-threats275–277
- Self-views, personal vulnerability582–583
- Selfways
- as habitus190
- independent187–188
- intentional worlds199
- interdependent188–189
- scaffolding or affordances187
- Self-worth, relationship-specific461
- Semantic priming345
- Sensitivity, caregiving behavior474
- Sentiments341
- Sexual Behavioral System scale484
- Shoda, Yuichi26
- Signature, term76
- Significant-other (S-O) schemas455–456
- Silent Generation660
- Silent majority784
- Simmel, George15
- Simulation theory, self-referential perception of others355–356
- Situation See also Person-in-situation
- antisocial behavior421–422
- approaches to self279
- aspects of study84–85
- behavioral signature model75–78
- cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS)75–78
- concrete vs. abstract properties71–72
- confession758–759
- conflict, and groups520–525
- definitions69–73
- delay-of-gratification82–83
- descriptive vs. theory-driven approaches72–73
- early concepts73–83
- equal status of intergroups552–553
- extending to groups, organizations and cultures85–86
- field theory74
- “if-then” model77
- incorporating48
- interaction of persons and4–5
- interdependence theory (IT)78–83
- lie detection756
- long-term consequences of49
- mattering in personality psychology66–68
- mattering in social psychology64–66
- multilevel radical coefficient model (MRCM)253–254
- nominal vs. psychological71
- objective vs. perceived features70–71
- person-situation debate39–40
- person x situation interactionism74–75
- searching for stability in behavioral inconsistency448–451
- self-esteem265–266
- social value orientation (SVO)522–523
- strong vs. weak83–84
- types of interpersonal458
- Situational attributions, experience of self185
- Situational context, behavior77–78
- Situationalism, social psychology14
- Situational moderators, personality and social behavior4
- Situational variability, self-esteem273–278
- Situation effects, person effects vs.25
- Situation interactions, personality by331
- Snyder, Mark26
- Social, definition15
- Social adjustive function382
- Social bonds, dynamics of self-esteem280
- Social cognition theory, behavioral control377
- Social cognitive transference, impressions346
- Social comparisons, specialization166–167
- Social conditions, immigration656–657
- Social constructionism, social policy809–810
- Social constructivist, personality447
- Social coordination, situation and behavior84–85
- Social dominance theory (SDT), prejudice549–550
- Social exchange model, conformity530
- Social exclusion, helping408
- Social experiences, behavior changing over469–470
- Social identity theory (SIT)
- collective action783–784
- leadership690–691
- prejudice547
- stratum consciousness784–785
- Tajfel25
- us vs. them428
- Social information processing, work attitudes712–713
- Social integration vs. segregation551–552
- Social interaction See also Help-giving; See also Helping relations
- helping others394–396
- individual-level outcomes461
- local consistencies in if … then … patterning459
- personality446–451
- personality shaping relationships460–461
- understanding personality within451–454
- Social Issues and Policy Review821
- Socially undesirable behaviors96
- Social movements
- access to, organizations791
- civil rights660
- generations660
- labor659
- personality and, experience659–663
- protest activism660–661
- resource mobilization theory790–791
- student participation659
- Vietnam War659
- women661–663
- Social networking, behavior105
- Social neuroscience See also Neuroscience
- brain112
- Social order15
- Social outcome, emotion330
- Social policy
- action research and805–807
- challenges and caution822–825
- conducting research813–817
- differences between personality and social psychology807–813
- essentialism and social constructionism809–810
- focus on issues and problems804–805
- ideological congeniality812–813
- influences on involvement819–822
- locus or causes of problems808–809
- mission statements804–805
- political ideology and823–824
- professional societies820–821
- promises and aspirations824–825
- public policies805
- reward structures822
- scale of impact824–825
- social issues806–807
- theory vs. policy work823
- time and methodological approaches810–812
- training programs821–822
- types of involvement817–819
- Social problems See also Social policy
- locus or causes of808–809 See also Social policy
- Social psychologists3
- attitudes40
- cognitive perspectives on person42–43
- defining situation73
- empathy-antisocial behavior421–422
- integration of personality and46
- integration of theories788–795
- intergroup bias and the brain131–133
- leadership674
- morale and attitudes20
- motivational perspectives44
- mutual acceptance of personality and46–48
- personality and behavior447
- recognizing included concerns56
- relationship of personality to45–49
- research4
- routes of integration48–49
- situations mattering in64–66
- trait perspectives41
- vulnerability-inducing environments580–582
- whole trait theory49–56
- Social Psychology, Allport18
- Social Psychology Network, training822
- The Social Psychology of Groups86
- Social resources, emotions324–325
- Social responsibility, help-giving397
- Social roles, describing others343–344
- Social situation, persons and situations14
- Social value orientation (SVO), group behavior522–523
- Social work, political bias21
- Society for Personology833
- Society of Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP)833
- Sociocultural bases
- attitudes and dispositions192–194
- content of identity stories191–192
- cultural-ecological variation193
- personal identity191–192
- propensities for prejudice194–195
- sociocultural sources193–194
- species-typical tendencies190–191
- Socratic effect, term380
- Spandrels, adaptation155
- Special design, concept155
- Specialization, social comparisons and166–167
- Spencer, Herbert16
- Spontaneous inferences, behaviors347
- Spontaneous responses, attitude374–375
- Spontaneous trait inferences (STIs)347
- Spontaneous trait transference (STT)347
- Sport groups, task-performing526–527
- Stability-inducing process, whole trait theory53
- Stage matching, behavior change741–742
- State affect, asymmetric frontal activity128
- States, density distributions of52–53
- Statistical interactionism, person and situation5
- Statistical tool, multilevel analysis256–257
- Stereotype content model (SCM)342
- Stereotypes
- accuracy348–349
- African Americans431
- categories341–343
- essentialism341
- motivation291
- personality research534
- priming345–346
- Stern, Wilhelm, holistic perspective18
- Stimuli, emotions323
- Stimulus situation73
- Stouffer, Samuel20
- Strange Situation, assessment procedure477
- Strategic helping406
- Stratum consciousness, definition784–785
- Strength model, regulatory control82–83
- Stress, eyewitness identifications762
- Stroop color naming task117
- Stroop task, control135
- Stroop test, emotions323
- Structural equation modeling (SEM), well-being600
- Structure, goal298–299
- Subjective norm, theory of planned behavior376–377
- Subjective well-being See also Well-being
- goals and motives603–604
- personality37–38
- term597–598
- value-as-a-moderator model612–613
- Subjectivism, social psychology14
- Suggestibility, confessions757–758
- Superordinate identities, intergroups555–556
- Support Our Soldiers (SOS)792
- Surveillance monitors, behavior104–105
- Survivor syndrome665
- Sustained volunteering408–409
- Symbolic threat, realistic vs.551
- Sympathy, empathy and perspective-taking427
- Systematic approach, groups519–520
- System justification theory (SJT), group hierarchy550
- Tailoring, message, for health740–741
- Tajfel, Henri, social identity theory (SIT)25
- Taoism15
- Target effect234
- Target variance235
- Teaching, personality and social psychology836
- Team leadership See also Leadership; See also Organizational psychology
- collective underpinnings of720–721
- organizational psychology718–719
- team effectiveness719–720
- teams and teamwork719–722
- Team mental models, teamwork720–721
- Team transactive memory, teamwork721
- Technologies, behavior assessment103–105
- Temporal process, whole trait theory53
- Terror management, social psychology581
- Terror management theory, self-esteem276–277
- Test gap, domination200
- Theoretical integrations, well-being612–614
- Theoretic-empirical response, adaptation158
- Theory-driven approaches, descriptive vs.72–73
- Theory of evolution, Darwin152–153
- Theory of planned behavior (TPB)
- attitude376
- health731
- intentions and behavior378
- perceived behavioral control377
- subjective norm376–377
- Thibaut, John22
- Third culture, emergent640
- Thomas, W. I., personality and situation16
- Threat, realistic vs. symbolic551
- Time, social policy810–812
- The Tipping Point, Gladwell94
- Top-down approach, rejection sensitivity459
- Trace measures, assessing behavior96–97
- Trait judgments, accuracy in349
- Traits See also Person
- accessibility of personality368–369
- adulthood personality change39
- behavioral genetics and genetics38–39
- Big Five523–524
- conceptions of340–341
- cross-cultural validity of Big Five37
- current knowledge about35
- explanatory and descriptive51
- hierarchy36–37
- improving measurement37
- person-situation debate39–40
- perspectives on person35–41
- predicting important life outcomes38
- prediction of general outcomes38
- processes and mechanisms underlying40–41
- processes underlying54
- relations to each other339–340
- research developments36–41
- resting frontal cortical asymmetry127–128
- schematicity369
- social psychology41
- specific and important39
- strengths and weaknesses50–51
- subjective well-being37–38
- target and observer agreement39
- understudies, of groups526
- whole trait theory49–56
- Transference, relational self and455–456
- Transfer of attitudes recursively (TAR) model347
- Transmission gap, attachment487
- Trigger of thought, emotion as326
- Tversky, Amos28
- Ultimate causation, evolutionary psychology156–157
- Uncertainty orientation (UO), groups529
- Unconscious motives, person43
- Unintentional behaviors340
- United Nations, Human Development Index (HDI)254–255
- United States
- context of divorce652–653
- funding agencies834–835
- immigration654–655
- personality psychology17
- Universality, self-determination theory296–297
- University of California at Berkeley, Institute of Personality, Assessment, and Research (IPAR)20
- University of Minnesota, personality and social programs21
- University of Virginia, psychology21
- Us vs. them, empathy428–435
- Utilitarian function382
- Valence acquisition, impressions346–347
- Valuation rules, interdependence theory79
- Value-as-a-moderator mode, subjective well-being612–613
- Value-expressive function382
- Variance components, multilevel radical coefficient model (MRCM)251–252
- Vienna-circle positivism, operational definitions21
- Vietnam War, opposition659
- Virtual reality, behavior assessment104
- Visual cues, target features351
- Vogel, Ezra20
- Volunteering, helping408–409
- Volunteer process model409
- Vulnerability
- complexity of P x E effects590–591
- P x E, and interpersonal rejection587–590
- self-regulation and P x E583–587
- Wainwright v. Witt768
- War
- general impact of663–665
- Holocaust665–667
- internment of Japanese Americans665–667
- Persian Gulf War664–665
- personality and social psychology18–21
- World War II664
- Watson, John, behaviorist manifesto17
- Weapons, eyewitness identifications762
- Webcams, behavior104–105
- Weber, Max15
- Well-being See also Individual well-being; See also Subjective well-being
- benefits of integrative approach614
- close relationships and607–608
- cognitive processes underlying self-reports604–605
- construct validity599–600
- cultural psychology608
- future directions for research614–615
- gene-environment interaction611
- goals and motives603–604
- hedonic adaptation606–607
- hedonic treadmill theory613–614
- intervention studies608–610
- intra-individual variation601–603
- judgmental biases606
- latent trait600–601
- methodological integration610–612
- mood effects605
- personality and social psychology contributions610–614
- term597
- theoretical integrations612–614
- value-as-a-moderator model612–613
- West India, migration657
- White, Robert W., Abnormal Psychology19
- Whole trait theory
- complementary strengths50
- complementary weaknesses50–51
- Density Distributions approach52–53
- fitting two parts of traits together51
- producing Big Five55
- Williams v. Florida768
- Windelband, Wilhelm, goals of scientific work14
- Within-person variability, multilevel analysis241
- Wizards, lie detection756
- Work See also Organizational psychology
- affective events theory713
- education and, experience791
- employee engagement712
- job attitudes710–715
- job involvement714
- job satisfaction713–714
- leadership715–719
- personality and social psychology712–715
- role in lives701–702
- social information processing theory712–713
- specific work attitudes711–712
- work psychology702
- Working memory capacity (WMC), perceiver feature353
- Working models, behavior469–470
- World Values Scale, well-being598
- World Values Survey, multilevel analysis254
- World War I17
- World wars, multilevel analysis255
- Wundt, Wilhelm, natural science and human science14–15
- Yakima Native Americans, anthropology and psychology17
- Youth, reducing aggression424–425
- YouTube, behavior105
- Zander, Alvin22
- Zero acquaintance, perception338
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