
Contents
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Past Themes and Present Emphases Past Themes and Present Emphases
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Help-Giving Research Help-Giving Research
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When Do People Help? Situations and Norms When Do People Help? Situations and Norms
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Situational Determinants Situational Determinants
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Normative Influences Normative Influences
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Who Helps? Developmental Antecedents and Personal Dispositions Who Helps? Developmental Antecedents and Personal Dispositions
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Developmental Antecedents Developmental Antecedents
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Individual Characteristics: Gender And Personality Individual Characteristics: Gender And Personality
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Gender Gender
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The “Altruistic Personality” The “Altruistic Personality”
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Why Help? Motivational and Attributional Processes Why Help? Motivational and Attributional Processes
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Motivation: Altruism Or Disguised Egoism? Motivation: Altruism Or Disguised Egoism?
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Attribution: Did They Deserve It? Attribution: Did They Deserve It?
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Helping Relations Helping Relations
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Help-Seeking and the Consequences of Help for the Recipient, the Helper, and Their Relationship Help-Seeking and the Consequences of Help for the Recipient, the Helper, and Their Relationship
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Positive Consequences of Receiving Help: Gratitude Positive Consequences of Receiving Help: Gratitude
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Negative Consequences of Receiving Help: Self-Threat And Self-Support Negative Consequences of Receiving Help: Self-Threat And Self-Support
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Characteristics of the Helper Characteristics of the Helper
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Characteristics of Help Characteristics of Help
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Characteristics of the Recipient Characteristics of the Recipient
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Consequences of Help For Recipient Coping Consequences of Help For Recipient Coping
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Consequences of Help-Giving For The Helper Consequences of Help-Giving For The Helper
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Consequences For Helper-Recipient Relations: Implications For Status Consequences For Helper-Recipient Relations: Implications For Status
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Intergroup Helping Relations Intergroup Helping Relations
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Self-Categorization And Cross-Group Helping Relations Self-Categorization And Cross-Group Helping Relations
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Intergroup Helping Relations Between Differentially Advantaged Groups Intergroup Helping Relations Between Differentially Advantaged Groups
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Helping Relations Across Racial Boundaries Helping Relations Across Racial Boundaries
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Helping in Close and Enduring Relationships Helping in Close and Enduring Relationships
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Helping Kin Vs. Non-Kin Helping Kin Vs. Non-Kin
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Helping Relations And Attachment Helping Relations And Attachment
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Social Exclusion And Helping Social Exclusion And Helping
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Sustained Helping: Volunteering Sustained Helping: Volunteering
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Summary, Conclusions, and Implications Summary, Conclusions, and Implications
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Help-Giving and Belongingness Help-Giving and Belongingness
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Independence and the Recipient of Help Independence and the Recipient of Help
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Personality and Situational Determinants of Interpersonal and Intergroup Helping Personality and Situational Determinants of Interpersonal and Intergroup Helping
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Concluding Comments and Applied Implications Concluding Comments and Applied Implications
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgments
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References References
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16 From Help-Giving to Helping Relations: Belongingness and Independence in Social Interaction
Get accessArie Nadler, Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Published:18 September 2012
Cite
Abstract
This chapter surveys social psychological research on help-giving and helping relations from the 1950s until today. The first section reviews research on help-giving and considers the conditions under which people are likely to help others: The personality dispositions that characterize helpful individuals and the motivational and attributional antecedents of helpfulness. The second section reviews research on helping relations, which transcends the help-giving perspective by looking at the long-term consequences of help on helpers and receivers and by examining help in the context of enduring and emotionally significant relationships, such as in families, communities, and organizations. Research on helping relations has shown that because independence is key to positive personal and collective identity, people are often reluctant to seek or receive needed help, and that in the long term, help can increase psychological and physical well-being for helpers but can discourage self-reliance for recipients. The third section analyzes helping from an intra- and intergroup perspective, considering how the provision of help can advance helpers’ reputations within a group or promote positive social identity of ingroups relative to outgroups. Help is conceptualized as a negotiation between the fundamental psychological needs for belongingness and independence. Conceptual and applied implications are discussed.
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