
Contents
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Perspectives on the Person: Rapid Growth and Opportunities for Integration Perspectives on the Person: Rapid Growth and Opportunities for Integration
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Perspectives on the Person Perspectives on the Person
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Traits Perspectives on the Person Traits Perspectives on the Person
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Current Knowledge About Traits Current Knowledge About Traits
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Four Types of Trait Perspectives Four Types of Trait Perspectives
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Developments This Decade Developments This Decade
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Filling Out The Trait Hierarchy Filling Out The Trait Hierarchy
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Evidence For The Cross-Cultural Validity of The Big Five Evidence For The Cross-Cultural Validity of The Big Five
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Improving Measurement Improving Measurement
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Emergence of Subjective Well-Being As A Major Topic of Study Emergence of Subjective Well-Being As A Major Topic of Study
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Predicting Important Life Outcomes Predicting Important Life Outcomes
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Prediction of General Outcomes Prediction of General Outcomes
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Behavioral Genetics and Genetics Behavioral Genetics and Genetics
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Adulthood Personality Change Adulthood Personality Change
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Target and Observer Agreement Target and Observer Agreement
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Specific, Important Traits Specific, Important Traits
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The Person-Situation Debate The Person-Situation Debate
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Processes and Mechanisms Underlying Traits Processes and Mechanisms Underlying Traits
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Trait Perspectives Based in Social Psychology Trait Perspectives Based in Social Psychology
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Cognitive Perspectives on the Person Cognitive Perspectives on the Person
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Developments This Decade Developments This Decade
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Cognitive Perspectives Based in Social Psychology Cognitive Perspectives Based in Social Psychology
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Motivational Perspectives on the Person Motivational Perspectives on the Person
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Developments This Decade Developments This Decade
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Motivational Perspectives Based in Social Psychology Motivational Perspectives Based in Social Psychology
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Disorder-Based Perspectives on the Person Disorder-Based Perspectives on the Person
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Comparing the Perspectives Comparing the Perspectives
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The Relationship of Personality to Social and Other Fields The Relationship of Personality to Social and Other Fields
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Advantages to Integration of Personality and Social Psychology Advantages to Integration of Personality and Social Psychology
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Arm’s-Length Mutual Acceptance Arm’s-Length Mutual Acceptance
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Likely Routes of Integration Likely Routes of Integration
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Whole Trait Theory Whole Trait Theory
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Step 1. Recognizing the Complementary Strengths of the Trait Perspective and the Social-Cognitive Perspective Step 1. Recognizing the Complementary Strengths of the Trait Perspective and the Social-Cognitive Perspective
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Step 2. Recognizing the Complementary Weaknesses of the Two Perspectives Step 2. Recognizing the Complementary Weaknesses of the Two Perspectives
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Step 3. Fitting the Two Parts of Traits Together Step 3. Fitting the Two Parts of Traits Together
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Step 4. Modifying the Descriptive Side to Make Room for the Dynamics of the Explanatory Side Step 4. Modifying the Descriptive Side to Make Room for the Dynamics of the Explanatory Side
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Personality States Personality States
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Density Distributions of States Density Distributions of States
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Step 5. Setting the Explanatory Side as the Producer of the Descriptive Side Distribution Step 5. Setting the Explanatory Side as the Producer of the Descriptive Side Distribution
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Processes In Traitexp Processes In Traitexp
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The Interpretative Process The Interpretative Process
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Whole Traits Whole Traits
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Step 6. Accretion of Processes Produces the Big Five Step 6. Accretion of Processes Produces the Big Five
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Integrating Perspectives Within Personality Integrating Perspectives Within Personality
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Phase 2. Recognize the Included Concerns of Social Psychology Phase 2. Recognize the Included Concerns of Social Psychology
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Conclusion: Emerging Opportunities for Integration Conclusion: Emerging Opportunities for Integration
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Prospects for Integration Within Each of the Four Perspectives on Persons Prospects for Integration Within Each of the Four Perspectives on Persons
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Acknowledgment Acknowledgment
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References References
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3 Perspectives on the PersonRapid Growth and Opportunities for Integration
Get accessWilliam Fleeson, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Published:18 September 2012
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Abstract
This chapter addresses the P of the Lewinian equation, B = f (P, E), by providing a conceptual map of perspectives on how to characterize the P, that is, how to characterize persons. Because most of these perspectives operate within personality psychology, this chapter emphasizes those perspectives within personality, but because several perspectives on the person operate within social psychology, this chapter describes those perspectives as well. When Lewin wrote his equation, he intended that the P and E (environment) parts would be considered in tandem. Thus, this chapter also considers from a personality perspective the prospects and potential routes of integration between personality and social psychology; the chapter argues that although integration has proceeded a great deal, the two fields still hold each other at a kind of arm’s-length mutual acceptance. The final section of the chapter describes a theory of personality, whole trait theory, which includes both P and E in its formulation as one possible way to close that last arm’s-length distance. In this theory, traits become both explanatory and descriptive concepts, require both persons and situations to be described, and become investigated with both correlational and experimental methods.
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