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When Hertwig and Schooler (see Chapter 4) implemented the recognition heuristic within the ACT-cognitive architecture, they “discovered” the fluency heuristic. The fluency heuristic works when both objects are recognized and the recognition heuristic can no longer be applied (see Chapter 3). It is also a potential alternative to the take-the-best heuristic (see Chapter 2), especially if a person has no cue knowledge about the objects beyond recognition. Of course, fluency and the fluency heuristic had been widely established and frequently studied concepts long before Hertwig and Schooler. Yet, by implementing the fluency heuristic within ACT-R, Schooler and Hertwig were able to precisely define the somewhat vague concept of fluency in terms of a memory record's activation, which tracks environmental regularities (i.e., frequency of occurrences and recency), and in terms of a phenomenological response that is correlated with activation in ACT-R, namely, how quickly a record can be retrieved.
In this article, Ralph Hertwig, Stefan Herzog, Lael Schooler, and Torsten Reimer pursue both a prescriptive and a descriptive goal. The prescriptive one entails an ecological analysis of fluency across several domains. Adopting the ecological analysis of recognition conducted by Goldstein and Gigerenzer (see Chapter 3), the authors examined the validity of fluency across five different environments featuring criterion variables such as number of residents, revenue, sales figures, and wealth. Consistent with the analyses within the ACT-R framework, fluency validity was always lower than recognition validity. Yet across all domains, the validity was above chance and sometimes as high as 66%. In other words, by relying on recognition latency and nothing else, people could to some extent infer properties of the world that were unknown to them. But is that what they actually do?
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