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The early stage of the simple heuristics program centered on the questions of whether and under which conditions simplicity can compete with or even outperform complexity. The focus was on pursuing existence proofs, which were crucial to liberating heuristics from the dominant view that they, at best, are second-rate and, at worst, are harbingers of cognitive fallacies. Because of this focus, investigations into the heuristics' descriptive validity were rare at that stage, but by no means ignored, as testified to by Rieskamp and Hoffrage's (1999) process-tracing study of heuristics; Hoffrage, Hertwig, and Gigerenzer's (see Chapter 10) empirical investigations of the hindsight bias; and Goldstein and Gigerenzer's (see Chapter 3) empirical investigations of the recognition heuristic.
Understandably, various commentators criticized the rarity of empirical tests of the heuristics' value as descriptive models. In hindsight, however, one benefit of this transitional phase was that experimentalists outside of the ABC Research Group, their curiosity piqued by these strange new animals, began to study fast-and-frugal heuristics. Such a division of labor could be considered as ideal: The progenitors themselves do not conduct experimental tests on their brainchild, but this is done by others devoid of any parental affection. Arndt Bröder was one of these emotionally distant experimentalists. Since 2000, he has contributed a large number of experimental articles to the ever-growing body of empirical evidence concerning fast-and-frugal heuristics in general and take-the-best and tallying in particular. Rather than presenting a sample of these investigations, this article summarizes Bröder's “quest for take-the-best,” as he calls it. The products of Bröder's experimental and methodological efforts are impressive and have inspired numerous new questions and investigations. He has developed a methodology for distinguishing between different models of heuristics and has championed the study of inferences from memory, which early on had been designated as the proper domain of take-the-best (see Chapter 2).
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