Amendments and Updates

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Thomas F. Lüscher,

Thomas F. Lüscher

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Gerald Maurer,

Gerald Maurer

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Patrick W. Serruys

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Introduction and general comments

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https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.002.0013

Published:

July 2018

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Camm, A. John, and others, 'Amendments and Updates', The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 3 edn, The European Society of Cardiology Series (Oxford, 2018; online edn, ESC Publications, 1 July 2018), https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.002.0013, accessed 4 May 2025.

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Disclaimer

Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always … More Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breastfeeding.

Updates

Updates

35.1

35.2

35.3

35.4

35.5

35.6

Tricuspid regurgitation

35.7

Tricuspid stenosis

35.8

Mixed and multiple valve diseases

35.9

Prosthetic valves

35.10

Management during non-cardiac surgery

35.11

Management during pregnancy

31^st January 2024

Updates

10.21

Transcatheter tricuspid valve repair

21.5

Prevention and drug therapy in chronic kidney disease

42.10

Ventricular tachycardia: ECG and electrophysiology definitions and mimics

42.11

Symptoms and ventricular tachycardia: how to assess

42.12

Mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia

42.13

Risk stratification and use of imaging PET/MRI

42.14

Ventricular tachycardia in paediatrics and congenital heart disease

42.15a

Premature Ventricular Contractions and Non-sustained Ventricular Tachycardia (Classification)

42.15b

Premature Ventricular Contractions and Non-sustained Ventricular Tachycardia (Pathology)

42.15c

Premature ventricular contractions

42.15d

Mapping and ablation and body surface potential mapping, including idiopathic ventricular fibrillation

42.15e

Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia

42.16a

Ventricular tachycardia in acute inflammatory conditions: myocarditis

42.16b

Ventricular tachycardia in non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy associated with valvular heart disease

42.16c

Ventricular tachycardia and Takotsubo syndrome

42.16d

Incidence and prognostic significance of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias complicating myocardial infarction

42.16e

Ventricular tachycardia in coronary artery disease

42.17

Ventricular tachycardia in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices

42.18

Ventricular tachycardia: drug therapy

42.19

Ablation: energy, methodology, and new techniques

42.20a

Role of catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy

42.20b

Ventricular tachycardia: Ablation in special circumstances—ventricular tachycardia in sarcoidosis

42.20c

Ventricular tachycardia: Ablation in special circumstances—ventricular tachycardia in dilated cardiomyopathy

42.20d

Laminopathies

42.20e

Ventricular arrhythmia in muscular dystrophies

42.20f

Ablation special circumstances (left ventricular summit ventricular tachycardia)

42.21

Mitral prolapse and ventricular arrhythmias

42.22

Ventricular assist devices and ventricular tachycardia

42.23

Epicardial ablation of ventricular tachycardia

56.2

Palliative and end-of-life care in subjects with cardiovascular disease

31^st January 2022

Updates

6.10

The NOACs: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

21.1

Epidemiology and chronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk factor

37.30

HFrEF other treatment: indications and results of implantable cardioverter defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy

38.13

Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: Role of electrophysiology testing

38.14

Congenital atrioventricular block: Clinical presentation, clinical evaluation, and management

38.20

Pacing for bradycardia: Device features and algorithms and clinical impact

38.23

Pacemakers in children and adolescents

40.9

40.12

Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia

40.13

Accessory pathways-related tachycardias: Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardias

40.17

Asymptomatic pre-excitation

Confirmed up to date

3.9

Pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic lung disease and heart failure

22.9

Surgery

23.5

28.9

Treatment of COVID-19 in adults (September 2020)

30.7

Diagnostic testing in takotsubo syndrome

36.2

Diagnosis

46.10

Acute aortic syndrome: diagnostic strategy and clinical features

46.11

Acute aortic syndrome: emerging role of biomarkers

46.21

Aortitis: infectious and non-infectious diseases

56.2

Palliative and end-of-life care in elderly subjects with cardiovascular disease

30^th August 2021

Updates

1.3

Cardiovascular signs

2.1

Cardiac embryogenesis

2.2

The molecular basis of cardiac embryogenesis

2.3

From heart-forming region to ballooning chambers

4.1

The heart as a pump: governing principles

5.9

Lipid-lowering drugs

5.14

Drug–drug interactions

6.11

The NOACs: clinical pharmacology

10.4

Stress echocardiography

10.5

Contrast echocardiography

13.8

Heart failure

13.9

Endocarditis and device infection

13.10

Infiltrative disease (amyloidosis/sarcoidosis)

13.11

Future potential

17.18

Atrial septal defect

28.6

Pulmonary hypertension: definitions, classification, diagnosis, and management

35.2

Aortic regurgitation

37.19

Co-morbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): lung disease

47.1

Trauma to the cardiovascular system

55.1

Cardiovascular adaptation to exercise and sport (according to type of sport, sex, and ethnicity)

55.2

Clinical assessment of the athlete’s heart: Normal and abnormal ECGs in athletes

55.3

Imaging testing for differential diagnosis of the athlete’s heart from structural cardiac diseases

55.4

Sudden cardiac death in athletes: Implications for preparticipation evaluation and safety in sport arenas

55.5

Exercise and sport in the management of cardiovascular diseases (ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, and hypertension)

55.6

The novelties of the 2020 ESC Guidelines on Sport Cardiology and Exercise in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

Confirmed up to date

3.3

Normal conduction system, coronary arteries, and coronary veins

10.1

Principles of echocardiographic imaging and velocity assessment by Doppler and speckle tracking

10.10

Left ventricular function, heart failure, and resynchronization therapy

11.7

Atherosclerosis imaging

29^th April 2021

Updates

8.10

Electrocardiographic abnormalities associated with electrolyte imbalance and drugs

8.11

Basic information about Osborn wave and epsilon wave

8.12

The morphology rSr′ in lead V1: description of normal and abnormal patterns

8.13

Inverted T waves in V1 and V2 leads

8.14

Electrocardiographic changes in coronary spasm, syndrome X, and Takotsubo syndrome

8.15

Brugada phenocopy: how to diagnose and manage this new entity

8.16

The last and inconstant wave of the electrocardiogram: the U wave

8.17

Exercise ECG testing

8.18

New techniques for ECG monitoring

28.9

Treatment of COVID-19 in adults (September 2020)

41.30

Atrial fibrillation after cardiopulmonary surgery

58.3

Decision-making and Heart Teams in valvular heart disease: the transcatheter aortic valve implantation team model

1^st October 2020

Updates

11.4

Cardiomyopathies

28.8

Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system

33.10

Surgical therapies for pericardial disease

36.5

Cardiac device-related endocarditis

36.7

Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis

41.1

Atrial fibrillation and sleep apnoea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

41.34

42.8

Sustained and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and no associated heart disease (idiopathic ventricular tachycardia)

52.7

Heart failure in women

Confirmed up to date

41.10

Management of acute presentation with atrial fibrillation - rate control

48.19

Conclusions and recommendations

57.3

Disease mechanisms guiding therapy

30^th July 2020

Updates

2.4

Development of the ventricles and valves

2.5

Development of the cardiac conduction system

2.6

Epicardial and coronary vascular development

3.5

The heart as a functional unit

3.8

Functional anatomy of left heart valves

3.9

The heart as a pump: governing principles

4.1

4.9

The ageing heart

5.1

Renin–angiotensin system and neprilysin

8.3

Ventricular hypertrophy

12.7

Computed tomography for cardiac interventions

16.1

Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias—long QT syndrome

16.6

16.14

Genetics of cardiomyopathies: arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

16.18

Genetics of CV diseases: Structural diseases of the heart - Genetics of congenital heart diseases

16.20

Complex cardiovascular diseases: atherosclerosis—genetic factors

17.24

Aortic stenosis and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction

18.2

Cardiovascular risk estimation at the individual level

29.8

Diagnosis and risk stratification of acute coronary syndromes

30.6

Clinical presentation of takotsubo syndrome

30.10

Management of takotsubo syndrome

31.2

Pathology of stable coronary artery disease

31.20

Refractory angina

31.21

Chronic ischaemic cardiomyopathy

31.22

Microvascular angina

32.4

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: genetics

32.5

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: diagnosis and assessment of symptoms

32.17

Left ventricular non-compaction: diagnosis and clinical management

32.19

Myocarditis: clinical presentation

33.1

Overview of pericardial syndromes

33.3

Pericardial effusion

35.4

Mitral regurgitation

36.3

Prognosis and complications

37.9

Chronic heart failure diagnosis: biomarkers

37.35

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Pharmacological therapy

38.6

The sinus node: normal and abnormal chronotropic response and drug effects

38.14

Congenital atrioventricular blocks: clinical presentation, clinical evaluation, and management

41.32

Atrial fibrillation and hyperthyroidism

43.9

New techniques for risk assessment in sudden cardiac death

43.12

Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in ischaemic cardiomyopathy

43.13

Primary prevention of sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

44.2

Blood pressure measurement in hypertension: definition and classification of blood pressure levels

44.8

Device based treatment for hypertension

44.9

Hypertension in specific conditions/co-morbidities

45.11

Screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension

45.24

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and pulmonary capillary haemangiomatosis

45.29

Referral centres and patient education

46.12

Acute aortic syndrome: aortic dissection—ascending aortic dissection

46.23

Long-term follow-up in patients with aortic diseases

48.2

Preoperative evaluation: surgical risk for cardiac events and functional capacity risk indices

50.1

Epidemiology and socioeconomic consequences of venous thromboembolism

50.2

50.6

Diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism and evolving imaging modalities

50.7

Prognostic assessment

50.9

Treatment: anticoagulation

50.10

Treatment: thrombolysis

53.7

Cardiomyopathies and heart failure in pregnancy

53.8

Hypertensive disorders

58.5

Heart Teams in grown-up congenital heart disease

Confirmed up to date

4.5

Heart/kidney interactions

37.5

Chronic heart failure diagnosis: symptoms, signs, and the ECG

38.15

Carotid sinus syndrome: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management

38.22

Follow-up of pacemaker patients with bradyarrhythmias: scope of follow-up and organizational issues

38.26

Pacemaker syndrome

40.19

Health economy

42.5

Bundle branch reentry tachycardia

43.14

Secondary prevention of sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

45.23

Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with HIV infection

48.4

Preoperative evaluation: non-invasive testing

52.1

Background

52.11

Future directions

23^rd April 2020

Updates

2.1

Cardiac embryogenesis

2.2

The molecular basis of cardiac embryogenesis

2.4

Development of the ventricles and valves

5.9

Lipid-lowering drugs

7.4

Epidemiology and global burden of cardiomyopathy

7.5

Epidemiology and global burden of arrhythmias

8.4

Intraventricular conduction disturbances

8.7

ECG in syncope, palpitations, dyspnoea, and chest pain

8.8

The abnormal ECG without apparent heart disease and the normal ECG in serious heart diseases: two extremes

8.9

Ambulatory ECG monitoring

14.4

Optical coherence tomography

16.13

Genetics of cardiomyopathies: left ventricular non-compaction

16.17

Genetics of vascular disease: Marfan syndrome and aortic disease

22.8

Drugs

24.1

Pericarditis and myopericarditis in HIV

28.4

29.5

Pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes

29.7

Development of myocardial infarction

29.10

Treatment of ST elevation acute coronary syndromes

30.2

Incidence and definition of takotsubo syndrome

31.4

Myocardial ischaemia: definition and causes

32.28

Childhood cardiomyopathy

37.2

Definition, epidemiology, and burden of disease: HFrEF

37.9

Chronic heart failure diagnosis: biomarkers

37.17

Co-morbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): anaemia/iron deficiency

37.27

HFrEF pharmacological treatment: ivabradine

38.5

Anatomy and physiology of the sinus node

38.25

Electromagnetic interference in pacemaker patients

39.1

Definition, epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology

39.5

Orthostatic intolerance: orthostatic hypotension and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome

41.14

Rate control: ablation and device therapy (ablate and pace)

42.6

Electrical storm

42.9

Polymorphic ventricular tachycardias including torsade de pointes

44.1

Epidemiology and pathophysiology of hypertension

44.7

Drug treatment of hypertension

45.22

Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart diseases

45.24

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and pulmonary capillary haemangiomatosis

45.30

Genetic counselling in pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension

45.31

Risk assessment and treatment goals in patients presenting with pulmonary arterial hypertension

46.13

Acute aortic syndrome: aortic dissection—descending aortic dissection

46.17

Acute aortic syndrome: iatrogenic aortic trauma

46.19

Genetic diseases of the aorta: aortic diseases related to Marfan syndrome and other genetic abnormalities

46.20

Genetic diseases of the aorta: aortic diseases associated with bicuspid aortic valves

49.3

General aspects

50.11

Treatment: catheter-based intervention and inferior vena cava filters

50.13

Management of pulmonary embolism in patients with cancer

50.15

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

51.4

Varicose veins

52.3

Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors

53.3b

Aortic diseases

53.5

Ischaemic heart disease in pregnancy

53.9

Venous thromboembolism in the peripartum period

54.2

Ethnicity and cardiovascular risk factors

54.3

Ethnicity and coronary artery disease

54.4

Ethnicity and hypertension

56.3

Dementia and cardiovascular diseases

56.6

Comprehensive geriatric assessment in cardiovascular disease

56.7

Degenerative cardiovascular disease in the elderly

56.10

Special situations in the elderly: sport, physical activity, and travel

Confirmed up to date

2.7

Cardiomyocyte development from mid-gestation through preadolescence

3.9

Current targets of anticoagulants

6.2

6.4

Unfractionated heparin

6.5

Low-molecular-weight heparin

6.6

Fondaparinux and its derivatives

6.8

Reversal of parenteral anticoagulants

6.9

Vitamin K antagonists

9.1

Normal anatomy with a focus on the cardiac silhouette and the great vessels

10.11

Assist devices

10.16

Prosthetic valve evaluation

10.17

Pulmonary hypertension and the right ventricle

10.18

Echocardiographic assessment: diseases of the aorta

10.19

Atrial fibrillation, cardiogenic embolism, and tumors

16.4

Principles of molecular genetic testing

16.5

Basic principles of genetic disease

17.4

Aetiology, genes, and environment

17.5

Fetal circulation and perinatal programming

17.8

Cross-sectional imaging/modelling

17.13

Arterial disease in the young

17.30

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

18.7

Settings and stakeholders

20.1

Acute ischaemic stroke: classification and diagnosis

20.2

Impact of stroke on heart function

20.3

Causes of cardioembolic stroke

20.4

Embolic stroke of undetermined source

20.5

Treatment of acute stroke

20.6

Closure of a patent foramen ovale for the prevention of stroke

20.7

Secondary stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation

20.8

Management of vascular risk factors and co-morbidities in secondary stroke prevention

20.9

Intracranial haemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation on anticoagulants

20.10

Atrial fibrillation and dementia

22.4

Erectile dysfunction as a marker and predictor of cardiovascular disease

22.7

Lifestyle issues

23.1

Epidemiological relationships between respiratory and cardiovascular diseases

23.3

Effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment on cardiovascular outcome

23.6

Sleep apnoea: definition, prevalence, and role in cardiovascular diseases

23.7

23.9

Beyond positive airway pressure therapy: experimental and non-conventional treatments in sleep apnoea

23.10

Atmospheric pollution and cardiovascular risk

24.6

Chronic heart failure and liver function

26.3

Pathogenesis: from acute rheumatic fever to rheumatic heart disease

28.2

Epidemiology of HIV-associated cardiovascular complications

28.6

Pulmonary hypertension: definitions, classification, diagnosis, and management

29.6

Thrombotic response

30.1

Co-morbidities in takotsubo syndrome

30.9

31.3

Pathophysiology of the coronary circulation

31.21

Chronic ischaemic cardiomyopathy

31.22

Microvascular angina

32.2

Classification of cardiomyopathies

32.3

General approach to diagnosis of cardiomyopathies

32.12

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

32.27

Peripartum cardiomyopathy

33.6

Pericardial masses and congenital abnormalities

36.10

Surgical techniques

37.7

Chronic heart failure diagnosis: echocardiography

37.16

Co-morbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): renal dysfunction

37.26

HFrEF pharmacological treatment: beta blockers

37.34

HFrEF other treatment: nurse-led heart failure management programmes

37.36

Patient monitoring in heart failure

37.37

Exercise rehabilitation in heart failure

38.2

Aetiology and epidemiology of bradyarrhythmias

38.3

Classification of bradyarrhythmias

38.11

Anatomy and physiology of the atrioventricular node

38.13

Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: role of electrophysiology testing

38.16

Bradycardia in athletes: clinical evaluation and management

38.17

Cardiac pacing: basic concepts

38.23

Pacemakers in children and adolescents

39.2

Diagnostic evaluation

39.7

Recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2018)

40.14

Concealed accessory pathways and related tachycardias

40.16

Prosthetic valve evaluation

41.3

Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: electrophysiological basis

45.1

Long-term follow-up in patients with aortic diseases

45.32

Conclusion

46.15

Penetrating aortic ulcer

46.22

Aortic tumour

46.23

48.9

Specific diseases: chronic heart failure/hypertension

48.18

Perioperative monitoring: anaesthesiology

50.4

Pathophysiology of acute pulmonary embolism

51.1

Epidemiology and classification of venous disease

51.2

Imaging for venous thrombosis

53.2

Gynaecological, obstetric, and neonatological aspects

53.3a

Congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension

54.1

Global perspectives of hypertension and cardiovascular disease

54.6

Ethnicity and heart failure

54.8

Ethnic differences in responses to cardiovascular drugs

57.5

Individualized valve therapy

57.6

Genetically modified animals as tools to personalize the study of arrhythmia mechanisms and treatment

58.4

Heart Teams in atrial fibrillation

60.6

Meta-analysis

28^th November 2019

Updates

2.3

From heart-forming region to ballooning chambers

2.6

Epicardial and coronary vascular development

3.4

Normal atrial and ventricular myocardial structures

3.8

Functional anatomy of left heart valves

3.9

Cardiovascular response to exercise

4.6

4.7

Cardiovascular response to mental stress

4.8

The cardiovascular system during sleep

4.10

Alterations in cardiovascular physiology in pathological states

5.5

Positive inotropes

5.8

Fibrinolytic therapy

6.7

Bivalirudin and argatroban

7.9

Epidemiology and global burden of peripheral arterial disease and aortic aneurysms

8.1

Three-dimensional echocardiography

10.6

10.12

Cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and the transplanted heart

11.3

Coronary artery disease

11.9

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in less common pathologies

13.1

Basic principles and technological state of the art: SPECT

13.3

Basic principles and technological state of the art: hybrid imaging

16.2

Genetic counselling

16.7

Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias—short QT syndrome

16.9

Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias—catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

17.7

Echocardiography

17.12

Long-term outcomes

18.7

Settings and stakeholders

22.2

Erectile dysfunction: definition and size of the problem

22.4

Erectile dysfunction as a marker and predictor of cardiovascular disease

23.9

Beyond positive airway pressure therapy: experimental and non-conventional treatments in sleep apnoea

25.2

Mechanisms of inflammation

26.3

Pathogenesis: from acute rheumatic fever to rheumatic heart disease

27.3

Surveillance for cardiotoxicity in patients receiving potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy

27.4

Anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity: epidemiology, surveillance, prophylaxis, management, and prognosis

29.9

Treatment of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes

32.2

Classification of cardiomyopathies

32.8

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevention of sudden cardiac death

32.10

Dilated cardiomyopathy: clinical diagnosis and medical management

32.13

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: genetics

32.14

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: diagnosis

32.15

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: management of symptoms and prevention of sudden cardiac death

32.16

Left ventricular non-compaction: genetics and embryology

32.20

Myocarditis: imaging techniques

32.27

Peripartum cardiomyopathy

36.1

Epidemiology and physiopathology

37.15

Co-morbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): hypertension

38.12

Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: ECG patterns and diagnosis

40.5

Differential diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardias

41.18

Rate versus rhythm control therapy for atrial fibrillation

41.23

Thromboprophylaxis in atrial fibrillation: device therapy and surgical techniques

45.1

Approach to cardiovascular assessment

45.32

Conclusion

Confirmed up to date

1.1

1.2

Cardiovascular symptoms

1.3

Cardiovascular signs

4.2

Cardiac electrophysiology

4.4

Regulation of blood pressure

5.2

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists

13.2

Basic principles and technological state of the art: PET

14.1

Haemodynamic data

16.12

Genetics of cardiomyopathies: dilated cardiomyopathy

16.19

Structural diseases of the heart: syndromes affecting the cardiovascular system

19.1