Volume 62, Issue 11, 1 June 2016

In a multisite, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pivotal efficacy trial, we documented significant protection against moderate and severe cholera subsequent to experimental challenges with wild-type Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor at 10 days and 3 months after vaccination.

The first 3 years of biannual ivermectin distribution in Ghana have substantially reduced Onchocerca volvulus infection levels in 10 sentinel communities, but longitudinal analysis indicates that some communities are still consistently responding suboptimally to treatment, with implications for onchocerciasis elimination.

If indicated, performing a test of cure is recommended for anogenital Neisseria gonorrhoeae after at least 7 or 14 days (RNA or DNA-based nucleic acid amplification test, respectively). Intermittent positive results occurred in 0.8% of RNA and 1.5% of DNA samples at risk.

The main complications experienced by Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors in our clinic were arthralgia and uveitis as described earlier. Treatment of EVD complications should be systematic and initiated as soon as possible to prevent severe disabilities such as blindness.

Of 406 men who have sex with men, 36% with prevalent high-risk anal human papillomavirus had type-specific persistence for ≥24 months. Men with ≥1 recent male anal sex partner had double the risk for ≥12 months’ persistence.

The efficacy of albendazole (ABZ) alone in destroying cerebral cysticercosis cysts was compared with that of ABZ plus praziquantel. Cysticidal efficacy was higher for combined therapy, with increases in both proportions of cysts resolved and patients with complete cyst clearance.

In this randomized phase 3 trial, ceftazidime-avibactam plus metronidazole was noninferior to meropenem in treating complicated intra-abdominal infection, with similar efficacy against ceftazidime-resistant and ceftazidime-susceptible pathogens and no new safety concerns observed.

Persons who missed an early clinic visit, but who returned at least once later, were more likely to discontinue treatment for latent tuberculosis. This finding can help clinicians and programs in the design and evaluation of interventions to increase adherence.

High-grade chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium vivax is prevalent in eastern Malaysia. Artesunate-mefloquine is an efficacious artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) for all malaria species. Wider CQ-efficacy surveillance is needed in vivax-endemic regions with earlier replacement with ACT when treatment failure is detected.

Vaccination is highly effective in preventing and control hepatitis B. Based on data collected (1993–2014) by the Italian surveillance system, breakthrough infections among fully vaccinated individuals are rare. Immunization coverage rate in individuals at risk should be enhanced.

Hospital water sources may serve as a reservoir of healthcare-associated pathogens, and waterborne outbreaks are still problematic in healthcare settings. Here, we review outbreaks of waterborne healthcare-associated infections as well as prevention and control for each water reservoir.

We conducted a randomized controlled trial in China to evaluate a crowdsourcing approach, which used a participatory open contest soliciting short videos encouraging HIV testing followed by implementation of the best crowd-generated video as an intervention.

High migration of men who have sex with men within China facilitates HIV transmission from high-prevalence to low-prevalence areas. HIV prevention and healthcare services for this population should consider the influence of high mobility on HIV transmission and care continuity.

In Côte d′Ivoire, human immunodeficiency virus viral load (VL) confirmation of antiretroviral therapy failure would be cost-saving compared with CD4 monitoring. Biannual VL, with reduced frequency for virologically suppressed patients, would be cost-effective. Côte d'Ivoire and similar settings should adopt VL monitoring.