Volume 61, Issue 10, 15 November 2015

Adjusted odds of illnesses related to influenza were up to 21% lower for elderly individuals residing in areas with higher vaccination coverage among nonelderly adults. Findings were robust to numerous sensitivity analyses and tests for unobserved confounding.

Neonates were randomized to oral polio vaccine (OPV) and followed for mortality. Among those enrolled within the first 2 days, OPV was associated with a 42% (10%–62%) reduction in infant infectious disease mortality. OPV at birth may provide nonspecific protection against infections.

Coccidioidal tenosynovitis of the hand and wrist is a manifestation of dissemination. Treatment requires surgical debridement plus long-term antifungal therapy against Coccidioides species. Discontinuation of antifungals can be complicated by infection relapse, requiring additional surgical debridements and reinstitution of antifungals.

Coccidioidal meningitis is a common cause of chronic meningitis in endemic areas, and diagnosis is difficult and challenging. The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid Coccidioides antigen detection for diagnosing coccidioidal meningitis.

Treatment for high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia followed by quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination in older human immunodeficiency virus-positive men who have sex with men decreases lifetime cost and increases quality-adjusted life expectancy. Results from ongoing clinical trials will not change our policy conclusion.

We report on the incidence and patterns of extended use of antibiotics in patients evaluated for Lyme disease. The use of extended treatment is increasing, and a relatively few providers treat a substantial portion of the patients.

Description of a challenging case history and treatment of a previously unknown poxvirus rash illness in a renal transplant patient and characterization of the virus, including its genome.

The Chicago Ebola Response Network, a hospital and public health collaboration, was formed in response to the 2014–2015 Ebola virus epidemic and is a roadmap for how a region can prepare to respond to public health emergencies.

Isavuconazole is a new broad-spectrum triazole agent that has been approved for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis. In vitro activity, pharmacological attributes, drug–drug interactions, adverse effects, and clinical efficacy are reviewed.

The impact of statins on insulin resistance or diabetes in human immunodeficiency virus–infected persons has not been assessed within a randomized controlled study. We demonstrated that rosuvastatin led to significant worsening of insulin resistance but not clinical diabetes.

Human immunodeficiency virus-infected women with a normal Pap result who nonetheless test positive for human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 have a high risk of cervical precancer that may warrant immediate colposcopy, whereas those positive for other oncogenic HPV types are at moderate risk.

Maraviroc pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected women during pregnancy and post partum were determined in the P1026 and PANNA studies. Maraviroc exposure during pregnancy was approximately 30% decreased. Trough concentrations exceeded the target. The standard adult dose seems sufficient in pregnancy.

The pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care continuum is described and applied to a cohort of Atlanta men who have sex with men (MSM) to demonstrate significant barriers to achieving protection from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with PrEP. Novel models of PrEP delivery are needed for MSM at high risk of HIV acquisition.

In a study group of >900 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected, mainly female individuals in rural South Africa, carotid intima media thickness values are relatively high and subclinical atherosclerosis is associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors rather than HIV-related factors.

Helicobacter pylori coinfection is associated with decreased T-cell activation in antiretroviral therapy–naive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive but also in HIV-negative individuals. This finding might, in part, explain the observed association of H. pylori infection with favorable parameters of HIV disease progression.