
Contents
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Introduction to water and sanitation Introduction to water and sanitation
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Background Background
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Terminology Terminology
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Burden of disease Burden of disease
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General General
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Diarrhoeal diseases Diarrhoeal diseases
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Schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis
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Soil-transmitted helminth infection Soil-transmitted helminth infection
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Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers
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Trachoma Trachoma
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Malnutrition Malnutrition
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Effectiveness of water and sanitation in preventing disease Effectiveness of water and sanitation in preventing disease
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Barriers to transmission of faecal–oral diseases Barriers to transmission of faecal–oral diseases
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Evidence of effectiveness Evidence of effectiveness
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Diarrhoeal diseases Diarrhoeal diseases
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Soil-transmitted helminth infection Soil-transmitted helminth infection
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Schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis
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Typhoid and paratyphoid Typhoid and paratyphoid
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Trachoma Trachoma
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Malnutrition Malnutrition
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Other benefits of water and sanitation interventions Other benefits of water and sanitation interventions
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Improving water availability (quantity and access) Improving water availability (quantity and access)
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Improved school attendance Improved school attendance
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Security and gender equality Security and gender equality
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HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS
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Recent and emerging developments in water and sanitation Recent and emerging developments in water and sanitation
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SDGs in water and sanitation SDGs in water and sanitation
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WHO Guidelines on Sanitation WHO Guidelines on Sanitation
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Systems approach to understanding enteric pathogen transmission Systems approach to understanding enteric pathogen transmission
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Need for consistency/adherence in safe water consumption Need for consistency/adherence in safe water consumption
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Household-based water treatment Household-based water treatment
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Shared and public sanitation Shared and public sanitation
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Safe disposal of child faeces Safe disposal of child faeces
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Technological and programmatic innovations Technological and programmatic innovations
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Community-led total sanitation Community-led total sanitation
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Sanitation marketing Sanitation marketing
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Enteropathy Enteropathy
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Challenges in water and sanitation Challenges in water and sanitation
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Failure to treat diarrhoea as a serious disease Failure to treat diarrhoea as a serious disease
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Lack of public sector coordination Lack of public sector coordination
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Mixed results from water and sanitation interventions Mixed results from water and sanitation interventions
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Key points Key points
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements
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References References
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Cite
Abstract
The lack of safe drinking water and basic sanitation impose a heavy health burden, especially on young children and the poor; it also aggravates malnutrition, physical, and cognitive development, school absenteeism, poverty, and economic development. Unlike many of the other challenges in public health, water, and sanitation solutions are well known. However, despite strong evidence of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of improved water and sanitation against diarrhoea and other diseases and support for the intervention at the highest levels, coverage still lags behind international targets, especially for sanitation. This chapter describes the aetiological agents of the leading water- and sanitation-related diseases, presents the evidence concerning the effectiveness of water and sanitation interventions to prevent such diseases, and summarizes the economic implications of such interventions and some of the other non-health benefits associated therewith. The chapter closes with a discussion of some of the continuing challenges in water and sanitation, including efforts to scale up interventions among the most vulnerable populations in an effort to secure the benefits of water and sanitation for all.
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