
Contents
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1. Introduction 1. Introduction
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2. Methodology 2. Methodology
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3. Causes of the Conflict, Actors Involved, and Atrocity Crimes Committed 3. Causes of the Conflict, Actors Involved, and Atrocity Crimes Committed
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4. Consequences of the Atrocity Crimes 4. Consequences of the Atrocity Crimes
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5. Reaction to Atrocity Crimes: Criminal Accountability 5. Reaction to Atrocity Crimes: Criminal Accountability
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6. Reaction to the atrocity crimes: truth and reconciliation 6. Reaction to the atrocity crimes: truth and reconciliation
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7. Reaction to the Crimes: Commemoration, Memorialization, and Education 7. Reaction to the Crimes: Commemoration, Memorialization, and Education
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7.1. Commemoration and memorialization 7.1. Commemoration and memorialization
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7.2. Education 7.2. Education
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8. Conclusion: Atrocity Crimes and Their Aftermath: The Angolan Approach 8. Conclusion: Atrocity Crimes and Their Aftermath: The Angolan Approach
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References References
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32 War Crimes in Angola
Get accessJoris van Wijk is Associate Professor in Criminology at Vrije University Amsterdam, the Netherlands. He co-directed the Center for International Criminal Justice (CICJ) and directs the Master’s program International Crimes, Conflict, and Criminology.
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Published:18 March 2022
Cite
Abstract
After a war of independence against the Portuguese colonizer, Angola has known a civil war from 1975 to 2002. What could be characterized as a “proxy Cold-War” in the 1970s and 1980s, turned in the 1990s into a “greed”-based war over the control of natural resources. During the war, numerous war crimes, and arguably also crimes against humanity, were committed; an estimated 500,000 to 1 million people died as a consequence of the war and the country was infected with land mines. When a peace agreement was signed in 2002, it included a blanket amnesty for all former warring parties. Based on a literature review and original empirical fieldwork, this chapter describes in particular why and how—in the absence of any accountability mechanisms—alternative strategies to truth seeking, reconciliation, commemoration, or memorialization have only to a limited extent been adopted. Angola’s peace process is a textbook example of “illiberal peacebuilding.”
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