
Contents
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1. Introduction 1. Introduction
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2. The Etymology of ‘Landscape’ and Its Conceptualization as Heritage 2. The Etymology of ‘Landscape’ and Its Conceptualization as Heritage
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3. Early International Protection of Landscape 3. Early International Protection of Landscape
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3.1 UNESCO Instruments 3.1 UNESCO Instruments
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3.2 Council of Europe Instruments 3.2 Council of Europe Instruments
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4. Landscape as World Heritage 4. Landscape as World Heritage
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4.1 Natural Landscapes and the First Twenty Years 4.1 Natural Landscapes and the First Twenty Years
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4.2 Cultural Landscapes 4.2 Cultural Landscapes
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4.3 Problematizing Landscapes as World Heritage 4.3 Problematizing Landscapes as World Heritage
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4.4 The Impact of World Heritage on Global Landscape Governance 4.4 The Impact of World Heritage on Global Landscape Governance
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5. The European Landscape Convention 5. The European Landscape Convention
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5.1 Origins of the ELC 5.1 Origins of the ELC
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5.2 Paradigm Shift: From Landscape as Heritage to Landscape as Public Space 5.2 Paradigm Shift: From Landscape as Heritage to Landscape as Public Space
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5.3 Problematizing the ELC from a Legal Perspective 5.3 Problematizing the ELC from a Legal Perspective
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6. Concluding Remarks 6. Concluding Remarks
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12 Landscape as Cultural Heritage
Get accessAmy Strecker is an Associate Professor at the Sutherland School of Law, University College, Dublin. She previously worked at Leiden University, where she taught international cultural heritage law, was part of an ERC Synergy project on the impact of colonial encounters on the Caribbean, and coordinated an international summer school on cultural heritage, human rights, and international law. Amy’s research focuses primarily on the interplay between landscape and law, including heritage, environment, property, and human rights. She is the author of Landscape Protection in International Law (Oxford University Press, 2018), co-editor of Heritage and Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Leiden University Press, 2017) as well as several articles and book chapters on the role of law in heritage and landscape governance. Email: amy.strecker@ucd.ie
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Published:08 October 2020
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Abstract
This chapter examines the protection of landscape in international cultural heritage law. Since the inclusion of ‘cultural landscapes’ within the scope of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention in 1992, landscape has gained increasing importance at the international level. However, given the focus of the World Heritage Convention on landscapes of ‘outstanding universal value’, it was not until the adoption of the European Landscape Convention (ELC) in 2000 that landscape became democratized. The ELC conceives of landscape above all as a people’s landscape and, accordingly, provides for the active participation of the public in the formulation of plans and polices. It focuses not only on outstanding places but also on the everyday and degraded landscapes where most people live and work. This ostensibly brings ‘landscape’ back to its early etymological origins—when it corresponded to a close-up, lived-in perspective—and has a number of implications for human rights and democracy.
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