The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World
The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World
Brian Campbell, Professor of Roman History, Queen’s University Belfast
Lawrence A. Tritle, Daum Professor of History, Loyola Marymount University
Cite
Abstract
War lay at the heart of much of life in the classical world, from conflicts between tribes or states, internal or civil wars, or wars waged to suppress rebellions. Battles were resolved by face-to-face encounters—violent and bloody for the participants—and thus war was a very personal experience. Nevertheless, warfare and its conduct took a wider relevance far beyond the battlefield and often had significant economic, social, or political consequences. The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World offers a critical examination of war and organized violence, and their relevance beyond the battlefield, in classical Greece and Rome. Its introduction begins with the ancient sources for the writing of war, preceded by broad surveys of ancient Greece and Rome. Also included herein are chapters analyzing new finds in battlefield archaeology and how the environment affected the ancient practice of war. A second section is comprised of broad narratives of classical societies at war, covering the expanse from classical Greece through to the Roman Empire. Part III contains thematic discussions that examine closely the nature of battle: what soldiers experienced as they fought; the challenges of conducting war at sea; and how the wounded were treated. A final section offers six case studies, including analyses of the Peloponnesian War, the Second Punic War, and Rome's war with Sasanian Persia. The book closes with an epilogue that offers an exploration of the legacy of classical warfare.
-
Front Matter
-
Part I Introduction: The Classical World at War
-
Part II The Face of Battle in the Classical World
-
6
The Classical Greek Experience
John W. I. Lee
-
7
The Three Thousand: Alexander’s Infantry Guard
Waldemar Heckel
-
8
The Hellenistic World at War: Stagnation or Development?
John Serrati
-
9
War and Society in Greece
Nicholas V. Sekunda
-
10
The Rise of Rome
Michael Sage
-
11
Imperial Rome at War
Phyllis Culham
-
12
War and Society in the Roman Empire
Colin Adams
-
6
The Classical Greek Experience
-
Part III Impacts and Techniques: War in the Classical World
-
13
Men at War
Lawrence A. Tritle
-
14
Treating the Sick and Wounded
Christine F. Salazar
-
15
Keeping Military Discipline
Stefan G. Chrissanthos
-
16
The Business of War: Mercenaries
Matthew Trundle
-
17
Logistics: Sinews of War
Donald Engels
-
18
War at Sea
Philip de Souza
-
Chapter XIX Arms and Armor
-
20
Greeks Under Siege: Challenges, Experiences, and Emotions
Angelos Chaniotis
-
21
Generalship: Leadership and Command
Rosemary Moore
-
22
Finding the Enemy: Military Intelligence
Frank Russell
-
Chapter XXIII War and the Horse
-
24
Greek Rituals of War
Daniel P. Tompkins
-
25
Roman Rituals of War
John Rich
-
Chapter XXVI Fighting the Other
-
13
Men at War
-
Part IV Case Studies: The Classical World at War
-
27
The Athenian Expedition to Sicily
Lee L. Brice
-
28
The Peloponnesian War and Its Sieges
Michael Seaman
-
29
Epaminondas at Leuctra, 371 b.c.
John Buckler
-
30
Demetrius “the Besieger” and Hellenistic Warfare
Thomas R. Martin
-
31
The Second Punic War
Dexter Hoyos
-
32
Roman Warfare with Sasanian Persia
A. D. Lee
-
Epilogue: The Legacy of War in the Classical World
Thomas G. Palaima andLawrence A. Tritle
-
27
The Athenian Expedition to Sicily
-
End Matter
Sign in
Personal account
- Sign in with email/username & password
- Get email alerts
- Save searches
- Purchase content
- Activate your purchase/trial code
- Add your ORCID iD
Purchase
Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions.
Purchasing informationMonth: | Total Views: |
---|---|
October 2022 | 4 |
October 2022 | 2 |
October 2022 | 5 |
October 2022 | 7 |
October 2022 | 7 |
October 2022 | 8 |
October 2022 | 9 |
October 2022 | 8 |
October 2022 | 5 |
October 2022 | 8 |
October 2022 | 9 |
October 2022 | 4 |
October 2022 | 4 |
October 2022 | 9 |
October 2022 | 5 |
October 2022 | 20 |
October 2022 | 5 |
October 2022 | 8 |
October 2022 | 3 |
October 2022 | 4 |
October 2022 | 9 |
October 2022 | 2 |
October 2022 | 2 |
October 2022 | 3 |
October 2022 | 8 |
October 2022 | 1 |
October 2022 | 2 |
October 2022 | 9 |
October 2022 | 15 |
October 2022 | 19 |
October 2022 | 2 |
October 2022 | 2 |
October 2022 | 3 |
October 2022 | 10 |
October 2022 | 4 |
October 2022 | 5 |
October 2022 | 11 |
October 2022 | 2 |
October 2022 | 2 |
October 2022 | 4 |
October 2022 | 2 |
October 2022 | 12 |
October 2022 | 1 |
October 2022 | 2 |
October 2022 | 2 |
October 2022 | 9 |
November 2022 | 3 |
November 2022 | 5 |
November 2022 | 1 |
November 2022 | 1 |
November 2022 | 21 |
November 2022 | 12 |
November 2022 | 1 |
November 2022 | 1 |
November 2022 | 4 |
November 2022 | 55 |
November 2022 | 15 |
November 2022 | 6 |
November 2022 | 7 |
November 2022 | 13 |
November 2022 | 2 |
November 2022 | 5 |
November 2022 | 12 |
November 2022 | 9 |
November 2022 | 3 |
November 2022 | 13 |
November 2022 | 3 |
November 2022 | 5 |
November 2022 | 14 |
November 2022 | 2 |
November 2022 | 2 |
November 2022 | 3 |
November 2022 | 6 |
November 2022 | 5 |
November 2022 | 12 |
November 2022 | 4 |
November 2022 | 4 |
November 2022 | 14 |
November 2022 | 1 |
November 2022 | 20 |
November 2022 | 8 |
November 2022 | 4 |
November 2022 | 5 |
November 2022 | 5 |
November 2022 | 7 |
November 2022 | 10 |
December 2022 | 4 |
December 2022 | 2 |
December 2022 | 2 |
December 2022 | 18 |
December 2022 | 6 |
December 2022 | 12 |
December 2022 | 10 |
December 2022 | 6 |
December 2022 | 2 |
December 2022 | 3 |
December 2022 | 2 |
December 2022 | 2 |
December 2022 | 7 |
December 2022 | 4 |
December 2022 | 2 |
December 2022 | 4 |
December 2022 | 7 |
December 2022 | 2 |
December 2022 | 2 |
December 2022 | 3 |
December 2022 | 3 |
December 2022 | 3 |
December 2022 | 5 |
December 2022 | 7 |
December 2022 | 2 |
December 2022 | 14 |
December 2022 | 2 |
December 2022 | 1 |
December 2022 | 2 |
December 2022 | 3 |
December 2022 | 16 |
December 2022 | 6 |
December 2022 | 9 |
December 2022 | 10 |
December 2022 | 4 |
December 2022 | 2 |
December 2022 | 7 |
December 2022 | 3 |
December 2022 | 2 |
December 2022 | 4 |
December 2022 | 8 |
December 2022 | 4 |
December 2022 | 1 |
December 2022 | 2 |
January 2023 | 4 |
January 2023 | 7 |
January 2023 | 8 |
January 2023 | 7 |
January 2023 | 8 |
January 2023 | 6 |
January 2023 | 11 |
January 2023 | 4 |
January 2023 | 4 |
January 2023 | 13 |
January 2023 | 4 |
January 2023 | 8 |
January 2023 | 12 |
January 2023 | 5 |
January 2023 | 7 |
January 2023 | 5 |
January 2023 | 4 |
January 2023 | 5 |
January 2023 | 6 |
January 2023 | 9 |
January 2023 | 5 |
January 2023 | 11 |
January 2023 | 9 |
January 2023 | 6 |
January 2023 | 4 |
January 2023 | 8 |
January 2023 | 7 |
January 2023 | 6 |
January 2023 | 4 |
January 2023 | 2 |
January 2023 | 5 |
January 2023 | 4 |
January 2023 | 5 |
January 2023 | 6 |
January 2023 | 8 |
January 2023 | 4 |
January 2023 | 12 |
January 2023 | 12 |
January 2023 | 17 |
January 2023 | 7 |
January 2023 | 6 |
January 2023 | 5 |
January 2023 | 4 |
January 2023 | 7 |
January 2023 | 6 |
January 2023 | 4 |
January 2023 | 9 |
February 2023 | 10 |
February 2023 | 9 |
February 2023 | 11 |
February 2023 | 3 |
February 2023 | 6 |
February 2023 | 12 |
February 2023 | 9 |
February 2023 | 9 |
February 2023 | 15 |
February 2023 | 2 |
February 2023 | 16 |
February 2023 | 8 |
February 2023 | 7 |
February 2023 | 15 |
February 2023 | 13 |
February 2023 | 6 |
February 2023 | 9 |
February 2023 | 13 |
February 2023 | 6 |
February 2023 | 7 |
February 2023 | 11 |
February 2023 | 8 |
February 2023 | 2 |
February 2023 | 8 |
February 2023 | 3 |
February 2023 | 7 |
February 2023 | 2 |
February 2023 | 6 |
February 2023 | 10 |
February 2023 | 6 |
February 2023 | 2 |
February 2023 | 8 |
February 2023 | 10 |
February 2023 | 7 |
February 2023 | 6 |
February 2023 | 7 |
February 2023 | 8 |
February 2023 | 6 |
February 2023 | 6 |
February 2023 | 9 |
February 2023 | 7 |
February 2023 | 8 |
February 2023 | 7 |
February 2023 | 11 |
February 2023 | 11 |
February 2023 | 8 |
February 2023 | 7 |
March 2023 | 14 |
March 2023 | 13 |
March 2023 | 30 |
March 2023 | 11 |
March 2023 | 15 |
March 2023 | 34 |
March 2023 | 17 |
March 2023 | 12 |
March 2023 | 10 |
March 2023 | 13 |
March 2023 | 14 |
March 2023 | 10 |
March 2023 | 46 |
March 2023 | 14 |
March 2023 | 9 |
March 2023 | 13 |
March 2023 | 8 |
March 2023 | 10 |
March 2023 | 9 |
March 2023 | 12 |
March 2023 | 14 |
March 2023 | 17 |
March 2023 | 14 |
March 2023 | 11 |
March 2023 | 10 |
March 2023 | 13 |
March 2023 | 10 |
March 2023 | 11 |
March 2023 | 10 |
March 2023 | 2 |
March 2023 | 11 |
March 2023 | 10 |
March 2023 | 5 |
March 2023 | 3 |
March 2023 | 22 |
March 2023 | 4 |
March 2023 | 10 |
March 2023 | 8 |
March 2023 | 3 |
March 2023 | 8 |
March 2023 | 10 |
March 2023 | 4 |
March 2023 | 17 |
March 2023 | 13 |
March 2023 | 2 |
March 2023 | 7 |
March 2023 | 9 |
April 2023 | 8 |
April 2023 | 5 |
April 2023 | 10 |
April 2023 | 2 |
April 2023 | 6 |
April 2023 | 9 |
April 2023 | 24 |
April 2023 | 15 |
April 2023 | 11 |
April 2023 | 20 |
April 2023 | 12 |
April 2023 | 8 |
April 2023 | 5 |
April 2023 | 2 |
April 2023 | 5 |
April 2023 | 10 |
April 2023 | 5 |
April 2023 | 3 |
April 2023 | 2 |
April 2023 | 3 |
April 2023 | 7 |
April 2023 | 4 |
April 2023 | 7 |
April 2023 | 3 |
April 2023 | 6 |
April 2023 | 7 |
April 2023 | 5 |
April 2023 | 11 |
April 2023 | 5 |
April 2023 | 9 |
April 2023 | 14 |
April 2023 | 9 |
April 2023 | 2 |
April 2023 | 3 |
April 2023 | 6 |
April 2023 | 21 |
April 2023 | 20 |
April 2023 | 9 |
April 2023 | 18 |
April 2023 | 9 |
April 2023 | 10 |
April 2023 | 4 |
April 2023 | 6 |
April 2023 | 70 |
April 2023 | 3 |
April 2023 | 5 |
May 2023 | 3 |
May 2023 | 8 |
May 2023 | 4 |
May 2023 | 5 |
May 2023 | 4 |
May 2023 | 1 |
May 2023 | 3 |
May 2023 | 11 |
May 2023 | 6 |
May 2023 | 4 |
May 2023 | 9 |
May 2023 | 8 |
May 2023 | 5 |
May 2023 | 6 |
May 2023 | 1 |
May 2023 | 6 |
May 2023 | 10 |
May 2023 | 24 |
May 2023 | 9 |
May 2023 | 4 |
May 2023 | 4 |
May 2023 | 9 |
May 2023 | 3 |
May 2023 | 13 |
May 2023 | 5 |
May 2023 | 8 |
May 2023 | 12 |
May 2023 | 4 |
May 2023 | 17 |
May 2023 | 4 |
May 2023 | 3 |
May 2023 | 4 |
May 2023 | 5 |
May 2023 | 6 |
May 2023 | 7 |
May 2023 | 1 |
May 2023 | 3 |
May 2023 | 4 |
May 2023 | 1 |
May 2023 | 3 |
May 2023 | 6 |
May 2023 | 5 |
May 2023 | 6 |
May 2023 | 13 |
May 2023 | 5 |
May 2023 | 8 |
May 2023 | 5 |
June 2023 | 6 |
June 2023 | 4 |
June 2023 | 7 |
June 2023 | 8 |
June 2023 | 4 |
June 2023 | 4 |
June 2023 | 4 |
June 2023 | 5 |
June 2023 | 6 |
June 2023 | 3 |
June 2023 | 7 |
June 2023 | 2 |
June 2023 | 5 |
June 2023 | 8 |
June 2023 | 2 |
June 2023 | 6 |
June 2023 | 2 |
June 2023 | 2 |
June 2023 | 6 |
June 2023 | 7 |
June 2023 | 4 |
June 2023 | 9 |
June 2023 | 4 |
June 2023 | 6 |
June 2023 | 4 |
June 2023 | 3 |
June 2023 | 7 |
June 2023 | 4 |
June 2023 | 5 |
June 2023 | 4 |
June 2023 | 13 |
June 2023 | 10 |
June 2023 | 5 |
June 2023 | 6 |
June 2023 | 1 |
June 2023 | 4 |
June 2023 | 5 |
June 2023 | 5 |
June 2023 | 10 |
June 2023 | 2 |
June 2023 | 7 |
June 2023 | 7 |
June 2023 | 8 |
June 2023 | 5 |
June 2023 | 4 |
June 2023 | 8 |
June 2023 | 4 |
July 2023 | 10 |
July 2023 | 4 |
July 2023 | 23 |
July 2023 | 7 |
July 2023 | 9 |
July 2023 | 2 |
July 2023 | 5 |
July 2023 | 2 |
July 2023 | 12 |
July 2023 | 4 |
July 2023 | 8 |
July 2023 | 6 |
July 2023 | 4 |
July 2023 | 8 |
July 2023 | 2 |
July 2023 | 2 |
July 2023 | 5 |
July 2023 | 3 |
July 2023 | 3 |
July 2023 | 5 |
July 2023 | 2 |
July 2023 | 11 |
July 2023 | 2 |
July 2023 | 3 |
July 2023 | 12 |
July 2023 | 2 |
July 2023 | 3 |
July 2023 | 2 |
July 2023 | 2 |
July 2023 | 3 |
July 2023 | 2 |
July 2023 | 8 |
July 2023 | 8 |
July 2023 | 6 |
July 2023 | 2 |
July 2023 | 3 |
July 2023 | 1 |
July 2023 | 2 |
July 2023 | 5 |
July 2023 | 4 |
July 2023 | 6 |
July 2023 | 4 |
July 2023 | 7 |
July 2023 | 8 |
August 2023 | 7 |
August 2023 | 7 |
August 2023 | 3 |
August 2023 | 3 |
August 2023 | 4 |
August 2023 | 4 |
August 2023 | 4 |
August 2023 | 6 |
August 2023 | 7 |
August 2023 | 4 |
August 2023 | 8 |
August 2023 | 8 |
August 2023 | 6 |
August 2023 | 10 |
August 2023 | 4 |
August 2023 | 6 |
August 2023 | 4 |
August 2023 | 6 |
August 2023 | 8 |
August 2023 | 7 |
August 2023 | 5 |
August 2023 | 18 |
August 2023 | 6 |
August 2023 | 3 |
August 2023 | 4 |
August 2023 | 9 |
August 2023 | 6 |
August 2023 | 8 |
August 2023 | 6 |
August 2023 | 8 |
August 2023 | 7 |
August 2023 | 7 |
August 2023 | 3 |
August 2023 | 7 |
August 2023 | 4 |
August 2023 | 7 |
August 2023 | 11 |
August 2023 | 9 |
August 2023 | 3 |
August 2023 | 4 |
August 2023 | 7 |
August 2023 | 6 |
August 2023 | 4 |
August 2023 | 8 |
August 2023 | 11 |
August 2023 | 9 |
August 2023 | 5 |
September 2023 | 9 |
September 2023 | 9 |
September 2023 | 12 |
September 2023 | 10 |
September 2023 | 25 |
September 2023 | 10 |
September 2023 | 13 |
September 2023 | 14 |
September 2023 | 9 |
September 2023 | 10 |
September 2023 | 41 |
September 2023 | 11 |
September 2023 | 11 |
September 2023 | 13 |
September 2023 | 10 |
September 2023 | 9 |
September 2023 | 10 |
September 2023 | 5 |
September 2023 | 9 |
September 2023 | 5 |
September 2023 | 15 |
September 2023 | 11 |
September 2023 | 12 |
September 2023 | 9 |
September 2023 | 11 |
September 2023 | 11 |
September 2023 | 24 |
September 2023 | 10 |
September 2023 | 9 |
September 2023 | 12 |
September 2023 | 5 |
September 2023 | 5 |
September 2023 | 10 |
September 2023 | 8 |
September 2023 | 7 |
September 2023 | 10 |
September 2023 | 14 |
September 2023 | 16 |
September 2023 | 14 |
September 2023 | 9 |
September 2023 | 9 |
September 2023 | 13 |
September 2023 | 9 |
September 2023 | 9 |
September 2023 | 11 |
September 2023 | 9 |
September 2023 | 11 |
October 2023 | 2 |
October 2023 | 18 |
October 2023 | 10 |
October 2023 | 14 |
October 2023 | 10 |
October 2023 | 6 |
October 2023 | 7 |
October 2023 | 2 |
October 2023 | 17 |
October 2023 | 10 |
October 2023 | 8 |
October 2023 | 6 |
October 2023 | 5 |
October 2023 | 12 |
October 2023 | 7 |
October 2023 | 2 |
October 2023 | 2 |
October 2023 | 6 |
October 2023 | 12 |
October 2023 | 6 |
October 2023 | 2 |
October 2023 | 3 |
October 2023 | 23 |
October 2023 | 15 |
October 2023 | 2 |
October 2023 | 9 |
October 2023 | 8 |
October 2023 | 6 |
October 2023 | 5 |
October 2023 | 23 |
October 2023 | 4 |
October 2023 | 15 |
October 2023 | 11 |
October 2023 | 10 |
October 2023 | 1 |
October 2023 | 2 |
October 2023 | 7 |
October 2023 | 4 |
October 2023 | 7 |
October 2023 | 9 |
October 2023 | 10 |
October 2023 | 5 |
November 2023 | 14 |
November 2023 | 11 |
November 2023 | 4 |
November 2023 | 15 |
November 2023 | 9 |
November 2023 | 20 |
November 2023 | 10 |
November 2023 | 33 |
November 2023 | 21 |
November 2023 | 4 |
November 2023 | 2 |
November 2023 | 2 |
November 2023 | 28 |
November 2023 | 4 |
November 2023 | 12 |
November 2023 | 18 |
November 2023 | 10 |
November 2023 | 12 |
November 2023 | 14 |
November 2023 | 6 |
November 2023 | 3 |
November 2023 | 3 |
November 2023 | 5 |
November 2023 | 2 |
November 2023 | 9 |
November 2023 | 7 |
November 2023 | 8 |
November 2023 | 5 |
November 2023 | 5 |
November 2023 | 9 |
November 2023 | 17 |
November 2023 | 2 |
November 2023 | 4 |
November 2023 | 19 |
November 2023 | 9 |
November 2023 | 8 |
November 2023 | 9 |
November 2023 | 6 |
November 2023 | 3 |
November 2023 | 46 |
November 2023 | 4 |
November 2023 | 12 |
November 2023 | 49 |
November 2023 | 13 |
November 2023 | 12 |
December 2023 | 4 |
December 2023 | 6 |
December 2023 | 4 |
December 2023 | 4 |
December 2023 | 5 |
December 2023 | 3 |
December 2023 | 5 |
December 2023 | 4 |
December 2023 | 11 |
December 2023 | 7 |
December 2023 | 2 |
December 2023 | 5 |
December 2023 | 24 |
December 2023 | 1 |
December 2023 | 12 |
December 2023 | 18 |
December 2023 | 6 |
December 2023 | 5 |
December 2023 | 5 |
December 2023 | 2 |
December 2023 | 8 |
December 2023 | 11 |
December 2023 | 8 |
December 2023 | 3 |
December 2023 | 14 |
December 2023 | 16 |
December 2023 | 2 |
December 2023 | 18 |
December 2023 | 5 |
December 2023 | 10 |
December 2023 | 8 |
December 2023 | 9 |
December 2023 | 8 |
December 2023 | 3 |
December 2023 | 8 |
December 2023 | 2 |
December 2023 | 8 |
December 2023 | 4 |
December 2023 | 6 |
December 2023 | 25 |
December 2023 | 2 |
December 2023 | 6 |
December 2023 | 13 |
January 2024 | 4 |
January 2024 | 9 |
January 2024 | 4 |
January 2024 | 8 |
January 2024 | 8 |
January 2024 | 1 |
January 2024 | 3 |
January 2024 | 14 |
January 2024 | 7 |
January 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 2 |
January 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 6 |
January 2024 | 1 |
January 2024 | 6 |
January 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 6 |
January 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 10 |
January 2024 | 7 |
January 2024 | 4 |
January 2024 | 31 |
January 2024 | 7 |
January 2024 | 9 |
January 2024 | 3 |
January 2024 | 8 |
January 2024 | 12 |
January 2024 | 7 |
January 2024 | 3 |
January 2024 | 7 |
January 2024 | 8 |
January 2024 | 12 |
January 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 23 |
January 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 4 |
January 2024 | 4 |
January 2024 | 8 |
January 2024 | 3 |
January 2024 | 7 |
January 2024 | 2 |
January 2024 | 4 |
January 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 5 |
February 2024 | 14 |
February 2024 | 15 |
February 2024 | 21 |
February 2024 | 8 |
February 2024 | 7 |
February 2024 | 20 |
February 2024 | 10 |
February 2024 | 8 |
February 2024 | 2 |
February 2024 | 11 |
February 2024 | 6 |
February 2024 | 12 |
February 2024 | 9 |
February 2024 | 6 |
February 2024 | 6 |
February 2024 | 12 |
February 2024 | 8 |
February 2024 | 11 |
February 2024 | 6 |
February 2024 | 8 |
February 2024 | 20 |
February 2024 | 11 |
February 2024 | 4 |
February 2024 | 11 |
February 2024 | 7 |
February 2024 | 16 |
February 2024 | 7 |
February 2024 | 14 |
February 2024 | 10 |
February 2024 | 6 |
February 2024 | 7 |
February 2024 | 25 |
February 2024 | 7 |
February 2024 | 5 |
February 2024 | 6 |
February 2024 | 8 |
February 2024 | 4 |
February 2024 | 5 |
February 2024 | 13 |
February 2024 | 15 |
February 2024 | 9 |
February 2024 | 4 |
February 2024 | 5 |
February 2024 | 10 |
February 2024 | 8 |
February 2024 | 6 |
February 2024 | 5 |
March 2024 | 14 |
March 2024 | 9 |
March 2024 | 3 |
March 2024 | 5 |
March 2024 | 7 |
March 2024 | 9 |
March 2024 | 9 |
March 2024 | 19 |
March 2024 | 18 |
March 2024 | 15 |
March 2024 | 13 |
March 2024 | 5 |
March 2024 | 6 |
March 2024 | 18 |
March 2024 | 3 |
March 2024 | 8 |
March 2024 | 4 |
March 2024 | 5 |
March 2024 | 5 |
March 2024 | 7 |
March 2024 | 3 |
March 2024 | 2 |
March 2024 | 3 |
March 2024 | 20 |
March 2024 | 3 |
March 2024 | 11 |
March 2024 | 8 |
March 2024 | 26 |
March 2024 | 14 |
March 2024 | 10 |
March 2024 | 3 |
March 2024 | 9 |
March 2024 | 19 |
March 2024 | 36 |
March 2024 | 3 |
March 2024 | 6 |
March 2024 | 10 |
March 2024 | 6 |
March 2024 | 3 |
March 2024 | 26 |
March 2024 | 8 |
March 2024 | 16 |
March 2024 | 25 |
March 2024 | 10 |
March 2024 | 3 |
March 2024 | 3 |
March 2024 | 3 |
April 2024 | 9 |
April 2024 | 5 |
April 2024 | 10 |
April 2024 | 8 |
April 2024 | 11 |
April 2024 | 2 |
April 2024 | 8 |
April 2024 | 3 |
April 2024 | 8 |
April 2024 | 14 |
April 2024 | 11 |
April 2024 | 9 |
April 2024 | 10 |
April 2024 | 40 |
April 2024 | 5 |
April 2024 | 4 |
April 2024 | 25 |
April 2024 | 19 |
April 2024 | 14 |
April 2024 | 30 |
April 2024 | 20 |
April 2024 | 5 |
April 2024 | 8 |
April 2024 | 6 |
April 2024 | 14 |
April 2024 | 23 |
April 2024 | 14 |
April 2024 | 4 |
April 2024 | 8 |
April 2024 | 10 |
April 2024 | 8 |
April 2024 | 4 |
April 2024 | 16 |
April 2024 | 3 |
April 2024 | 3 |
April 2024 | 4 |
April 2024 | 12 |
April 2024 | 1 |
April 2024 | 17 |
April 2024 | 5 |
April 2024 | 21 |
April 2024 | 12 |
April 2024 | 13 |
April 2024 | 27 |
April 2024 | 3 |
April 2024 | 24 |
April 2024 | 14 |
May 2024 | 7 |
May 2024 | 8 |
May 2024 | 6 |
May 2024 | 18 |
May 2024 | 9 |
May 2024 | 15 |
May 2024 | 7 |
May 2024 | 6 |
May 2024 | 12 |
May 2024 | 9 |
May 2024 | 13 |
May 2024 | 15 |
May 2024 | 6 |
May 2024 | 21 |
May 2024 | 14 |
May 2024 | 13 |
May 2024 | 19 |
May 2024 | 18 |
May 2024 | 11 |
May 2024 | 14 |
May 2024 | 5 |
May 2024 | 33 |
May 2024 | 1 |
May 2024 | 6 |
May 2024 | 8 |
May 2024 | 5 |
May 2024 | 4 |
May 2024 | 19 |
May 2024 | 13 |
May 2024 | 7 |
May 2024 | 3 |
May 2024 | 3 |
May 2024 | 10 |
May 2024 | 8 |
May 2024 | 19 |
May 2024 | 6 |
May 2024 | 17 |
May 2024 | 7 |
May 2024 | 20 |
May 2024 | 10 |
May 2024 | 26 |
May 2024 | 16 |
May 2024 | 18 |
May 2024 | 7 |
May 2024 | 10 |
May 2024 | 8 |
May 2024 | 13 |
June 2024 | 9 |
June 2024 | 5 |
June 2024 | 4 |
June 2024 | 13 |
June 2024 | 11 |
June 2024 | 6 |
June 2024 | 14 |
June 2024 | 13 |
June 2024 | 6 |
June 2024 | 8 |
June 2024 | 8 |
June 2024 | 5 |
June 2024 | 7 |
June 2024 | 9 |
June 2024 | 9 |
June 2024 | 7 |
June 2024 | 5 |
June 2024 | 10 |
June 2024 | 9 |
June 2024 | 5 |
June 2024 | 7 |
June 2024 | 6 |
June 2024 | 8 |
June 2024 | 6 |
June 2024 | 8 |
June 2024 | 6 |
June 2024 | 10 |
June 2024 | 5 |
June 2024 | 7 |
June 2024 | 7 |
June 2024 | 10 |
June 2024 | 6 |
June 2024 | 8 |
June 2024 | 6 |
June 2024 | 7 |
June 2024 | 6 |
June 2024 | 8 |
June 2024 | 6 |
June 2024 | 11 |
June 2024 | 4 |
June 2024 | 11 |
June 2024 | 2 |
June 2024 | 5 |
June 2024 | 9 |
June 2024 | 8 |
June 2024 | 7 |
June 2024 | 8 |
July 2024 | 4 |
July 2024 | 5 |
July 2024 | 2 |
July 2024 | 4 |
July 2024 | 3 |
July 2024 | 2 |
July 2024 | 4 |
July 2024 | 5 |
July 2024 | 3 |
July 2024 | 8 |
July 2024 | 8 |
July 2024 | 8 |
July 2024 | 3 |
July 2024 | 2 |
July 2024 | 2 |
July 2024 | 9 |
July 2024 | 7 |
July 2024 | 13 |
July 2024 | 5 |
July 2024 | 5 |
July 2024 | 7 |
July 2024 | 3 |
July 2024 | 6 |
July 2024 | 5 |
July 2024 | 6 |
July 2024 | 6 |
July 2024 | 6 |
July 2024 | 8 |
July 2024 | 2 |
July 2024 | 8 |
July 2024 | 3 |
July 2024 | 5 |
July 2024 | 3 |
July 2024 | 1 |
July 2024 | 5 |
July 2024 | 5 |
July 2024 | 7 |
July 2024 | 4 |
July 2024 | 5 |
July 2024 | 6 |
August 2024 | 8 |
August 2024 | 2 |
August 2024 | 3 |
August 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 10 |
August 2024 | 9 |
August 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 2 |
August 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 2 |
August 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 2 |
August 2024 | 2 |
August 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 2 |
August 2024 | 5 |
August 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 5 |
August 2024 | 2 |
September 2024 | 2 |
September 2024 | 2 |
September 2024 | 2 |
September 2024 | 7 |
September 2024 | 5 |
September 2024 | 5 |
September 2024 | 2 |
September 2024 | 3 |
September 2024 | 2 |
September 2024 | 4 |
September 2024 | 2 |
September 2024 | 9 |
September 2024 | 2 |
September 2024 | 5 |
September 2024 | 4 |
September 2024 | 5 |
September 2024 | 3 |
September 2024 | 4 |
September 2024 | 7 |
September 2024 | 1 |
September 2024 | 12 |
September 2024 | 11 |
September 2024 | 1 |
September 2024 | 1 |
September 2024 | 5 |
September 2024 | 5 |
September 2024 | 5 |
September 2024 | 2 |
September 2024 | 2 |
September 2024 | 3 |
September 2024 | 6 |
September 2024 | 4 |
September 2024 | 2 |
September 2024 | 2 |
October 2024 | 1 |
October 2024 | 4 |
October 2024 | 2 |
October 2024 | 8 |
October 2024 | 2 |
October 2024 | 2 |
October 2024 | 2 |
October 2024 | 4 |
October 2024 | 7 |
October 2024 | 4 |
October 2024 | 1 |
October 2024 | 3 |
October 2024 | 5 |
October 2024 | 2 |
October 2024 | 2 |
October 2024 | 13 |
October 2024 | 2 |
October 2024 | 5 |
October 2024 | 7 |
October 2024 | 12 |
October 2024 | 2 |
October 2024 | 4 |
October 2024 | 17 |
October 2024 | 16 |
October 2024 | 20 |
October 2024 | 2 |
October 2024 | 5 |
October 2024 | 5 |
October 2024 | 10 |
October 2024 | 6 |
October 2024 | 2 |
October 2024 | 5 |
October 2024 | 4 |
October 2024 | 2 |
October 2024 | 2 |
October 2024 | 5 |
October 2024 | 1 |
November 2024 | 6 |
November 2024 | 5 |
November 2024 | 2 |
November 2024 | 3 |
November 2024 | 35 |
November 2024 | 3 |
November 2024 | 2 |
November 2024 | 5 |
November 2024 | 3 |
November 2024 | 2 |
November 2024 | 11 |
November 2024 | 13 |
November 2024 | 6 |
November 2024 | 11 |
November 2024 | 8 |
November 2024 | 6 |
November 2024 | 2 |
November 2024 | 11 |
November 2024 | 4 |
November 2024 | 2 |
November 2024 | 7 |
November 2024 | 20 |
November 2024 | 14 |
November 2024 | 5 |
November 2024 | 2 |
November 2024 | 9 |
November 2024 | 6 |
November 2024 | 8 |
November 2024 | 6 |
November 2024 | 3 |
November 2024 | 3 |
November 2024 | 1 |
November 2024 | 13 |
November 2024 | 2 |
November 2024 | 5 |
November 2024 | 14 |
November 2024 | 3 |
November 2024 | 10 |
November 2024 | 14 |
November 2024 | 72 |
November 2024 | 8 |
November 2024 | 27 |
November 2024 | 12 |
December 2024 | 23 |
December 2024 | 4 |
December 2024 | 13 |
December 2024 | 2 |
December 2024 | 3 |
December 2024 | 7 |
December 2024 | 10 |
December 2024 | 3 |
December 2024 | 26 |
December 2024 | 4 |
December 2024 | 16 |
December 2024 | 2 |
December 2024 | 5 |
December 2024 | 3 |
December 2024 | 4 |
December 2024 | 1 |
December 2024 | 1 |
December 2024 | 17 |
December 2024 | 4 |
December 2024 | 11 |
December 2024 | 5 |
December 2024 | 2 |
December 2024 | 3 |
December 2024 | 1 |
December 2024 | 21 |
December 2024 | 1 |
December 2024 | 2 |
December 2024 | 7 |
December 2024 | 3 |
December 2024 | 3 |
December 2024 | 12 |
December 2024 | 8 |
December 2024 | 2 |
December 2024 | 2 |
December 2024 | 7 |
December 2024 | 4 |
December 2024 | 20 |
January 2025 | 1 |
January 2025 | 2 |
January 2025 | 3 |
January 2025 | 7 |
January 2025 | 5 |
January 2025 | 3 |
January 2025 | 4 |
January 2025 | 3 |
January 2025 | 1 |
January 2025 | 1 |
January 2025 | 2 |
January 2025 | 1 |
January 2025 | 5 |
January 2025 | 2 |
January 2025 | 2 |
January 2025 | 1 |
January 2025 | 2 |
January 2025 | 4 |
January 2025 | 1 |
January 2025 | 6 |
January 2025 | 2 |
January 2025 | 4 |
January 2025 | 2 |
January 2025 | 1 |
January 2025 | 14 |
January 2025 | 7 |
January 2025 | 2 |
January 2025 | 8 |
January 2025 | 17 |
January 2025 | 8 |
January 2025 | 8 |
January 2025 | 2 |
January 2025 | 1 |
January 2025 | 8 |
February 2025 | 5 |
February 2025 | 10 |
February 2025 | 17 |
February 2025 | 13 |
February 2025 | 20 |
February 2025 | 4 |
February 2025 | 4 |
February 2025 | 8 |
February 2025 | 4 |
February 2025 | 7 |
February 2025 | 7 |
February 2025 | 8 |
February 2025 | 8 |
February 2025 | 5 |
February 2025 | 11 |
February 2025 | 4 |
February 2025 | 6 |
February 2025 | 9 |
February 2025 | 8 |
February 2025 | 5 |
February 2025 | 11 |
February 2025 | 7 |
February 2025 | 7 |
February 2025 | 2 |
February 2025 | 6 |
February 2025 | 2 |
February 2025 | 17 |
February 2025 | 2 |
February 2025 | 12 |
February 2025 | 5 |
February 2025 | 6 |
February 2025 | 7 |
February 2025 | 19 |
February 2025 | 4 |
February 2025 | 6 |
February 2025 | 2 |
February 2025 | 9 |
February 2025 | 4 |
February 2025 | 6 |
February 2025 | 6 |
February 2025 | 4 |
February 2025 | 6 |
February 2025 | 7 |
February 2025 | 6 |
February 2025 | 8 |
February 2025 | 24 |
February 2025 | 5 |
March 2025 | 10 |
March 2025 | 2 |
March 2025 | 2 |
March 2025 | 14 |
March 2025 | 5 |
March 2025 | 6 |
March 2025 | 6 |
March 2025 | 11 |
March 2025 | 8 |
March 2025 | 5 |
March 2025 | 3 |
March 2025 | 4 |
March 2025 | 7 |
March 2025 | 48 |
March 2025 | 4 |
March 2025 | 1 |
March 2025 | 10 |
March 2025 | 2 |
March 2025 | 7 |
March 2025 | 3 |
March 2025 | 14 |
March 2025 | 6 |
March 2025 | 32 |
March 2025 | 10 |
March 2025 | 4 |
March 2025 | 1 |
March 2025 | 6 |
March 2025 | 6 |
March 2025 | 7 |
March 2025 | 5 |
March 2025 | 12 |
March 2025 | 13 |
March 2025 | 10 |
March 2025 | 15 |
March 2025 | 4 |
March 2025 | 6 |
March 2025 | 5 |
March 2025 | 13 |
March 2025 | 12 |
March 2025 | 7 |
March 2025 | 2 |
March 2025 | 10 |
March 2025 | 4 |
March 2025 | 3 |
March 2025 | 1 |
March 2025 | 5 |
March 2025 | 6 |
April 2025 | 4 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 3 |
April 2025 | 6 |
April 2025 | 8 |
April 2025 | 3 |
April 2025 | 4 |
April 2025 | 7 |
April 2025 | 4 |
April 2025 | 15 |
April 2025 | 13 |
April 2025 | 47 |
April 2025 | 4 |
April 2025 | 4 |
April 2025 | 21 |
April 2025 | 5 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 5 |
April 2025 | 7 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 7 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 8 |
April 2025 | 24 |
April 2025 | 5 |
April 2025 | 5 |
April 2025 | 4 |
April 2025 | 5 |
April 2025 | 4 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 1 |
April 2025 | 11 |
April 2025 | 16 |
April 2025 | 3 |
April 2025 | 4 |
April 2025 | 6 |
April 2025 | 5 |
April 2025 | 3 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 25 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 5 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 6 |
Get help with access
Institutional access
Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:
IP based access
Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.
Sign in through your institution
Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic.
If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institution’s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.
Sign in with a library card
Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.
Society Members
Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:
Sign in through society site
Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see ‘Sign in through society site’ in the sign in pane within a journal:
If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.
Sign in using a personal account
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.
Personal account
A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.
Viewing your signed in accounts
Click the account icon in the top right to:
Signed in but can't access content
Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.
Institutional account management
For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.