Index

Index

Abydos, siege of (201 B.C.)

Polybius on

slaves freed during

Acarnanian archers

Achaean mercenaries

Achilles in Vietnam (Shay)

Acidinus, L. Manlius

Acrotatus

Actium, Battle of (31 B.C.)

Adaeus

Adams, J. P.

Ada of Caria

Adrianople, Battle of (A.D. 378)

Aegospotami, Battle of (405 B.C.)

Aelian

on Archilochus

on Attic cuirass

on horse nosebands

on linen corselet

on lunging of horses

Aelianus

Aelius Dubitatus

Aeneas of Stymphalus.

See

Aeneas Tacticus

on defense of besieged cities

on devices for secret communication

on generalship

on mercenaries

during a siege

on sieges

on surprise attacks

on watch on the Attic frontier

Aeneid (Virgil)

aerarium militare

creation by Augustus

during Second Punic War

Aeschines

on his dutiful service

on his ephebic training as peripolos

Aeschylus

Agamemnon

Eberhart and Rodman on

epitaph of

on Greek-Persian dichotomy

on importance of spear and shield

The Persians

Aetius of Amida

Aetolians

Against Alcibiades (Lysias)

Against Eubulus (Demosthenes)

Against Leocrates (Lycurgus)

Against the Alans (Arrian)

Against Timothes (Demosthenes)

Agamemnon

Agamemnon (Aeschylus)

Agathocles

age-class systems

Agesilaus

at Battle of Coronea

booty taken from Persian territory

cavalry of

in combined arms battle

and Common Peace of 371 B.C.

foraging of army of

and manufacture of equipment in Ephesus

and new demands of leadership

at Paktolos River

use of plaision formation

Agesilaus (Xenophon)

agoge

agonal warfare

Agricola (Tacitus)

Agricola, Gnaeus Julius

agricultural lands

Sasanian protection of

as targets of Hellenistic conquests

agriculture

in Punic North Africa

Sasanian irrigation infrastructure

toll of war on

agri decumates

Agrippa, M. Vipsanius

at Battle of Actium

fleet of

Virgil and

Ahenobarbus, Gnaeus Domitius

Aï Khanoum, Afghanistan

Airs Waters Places (Hippocratic Corpus)

akontes

Akragas, army of

Akragas, Battle of (472/1 B.C.)

alae

as auxiliaries

in consular legion of the middle Republic

in deployment of manipular battle line

horses of

as vexillations

Alamanni

Alans

See also

Against the Alans (Arrian)

Albinus, Clodius

Alcaeus of Lesbos (Alcaeus of Mytilene)

on linen corselets

on service of his brother Antimenides to the Babylonians

on war

Alcibiades

defection to Sparta

return to Athens in

and Sicilian Expedition

siege of Byzantium

Alcman

Aldrete, G.

Alesia, siege of (52 B.C.)

Caesar on

shields used at

use of field fortification

Alexander Romance

Alexander Sarcophagus

Alexander the Great

Argyraspids and

cavalry

horses

logistics of feeding warhorses

origin of horses of

collection of strategic intelligence

death

division of empire of

effect of battle on

empire of (map)

Gedrosian expedition

as general

horse of

infantry

amount carried by soldiers

the three thousand

as inspiration for Romans

killing of Cleitus

military resources of

modern studies of

political marriage

reform of Macedonian army

and siege warfare

literary descriptions

stereotypes in speech before battle of Issus

studies on logistics problems in Asian campaigns

study by Dodge

use of mercenaries

wounds of

arrow chest wound

surgery

Alimentus, L. Cincius

alliances

erosion of equal status of Roman

pan-Hellenic

provision of supplies and

Altar of Augustan Peace (Pax Augusta)

Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus

Ambracia

Ameinocles

Amida

fortification by Constantius II at

siege in A.D.

siege in A.D. 502/503

Ammianus Marcellinus

on Adrianople

description of a Persian clibanarius

on exploratores

history of Rome

on horses

on Julian’s victory over Alamanni

on Roman-Persian warfare

at ruins of Dura

on Sasanian army

on siege of Amida

on site of Circesium

on speculatores

amphibious strike operations, fleets of classical antiquity and

Amphipolis

Brasidas’s army at

inscription on military discipline

siege of

as timber port

Amphitryo (Plautus)

Amyntas (king of Macedonia)

Anabasis (Xenophon)

on discipline and good order

included in Men at War

on mercenaries

importance of networks

on military leadership

on use of Democrates son of Temnus as scout

analgesics

Anastasius (Roman Emperor)

Anaximenes

Anderson, J. K.

Andrewes, A.

Andromache (Euripides)

Andronicos, Manolis

Angarium

animals used in warfare

See also

See also

See also

See also

Annals (Tacitus)

on conditions to avoid for the Roman armies

example of fleet action

on remains of Varus’s army in Teutoburg forest

antagonists of Greek and Rome, information about

Antalcidas, Peace of (387/6 B.C.)

Antigenes

burned alive by Antigonus

as chiliarch

commander of hypaspists

commander of the Argyraspids

and murder of Perdiccas

Antigonids

Antigonus I Monophthalmus (the One-Eyed)

at battle of Ipsus

Demetrius Poliorcetes son of

and Eumenes of Cardia

fleet of

ambushed by Polyclitus

hiring of mercenaries

at Paraetacene

Antigonus II Gonatas

Antimenides

Antioch

captives deported by Kusro I to Asorestan

captives deported by Shapur I to Kuzestan

reduced status of

sack by Shapur I

Antiochus Hierax

Antiochus III the Great

campaigns of

fleet of

defeat at Battle of Side

limits on in treaty with Rome

introduction of kataphraktoi on the battlefield

at Magnesia

and problems of billeting soldiers

at Raphia

use of elephants

siege of Bactras

Antipater

Antiphanes

“Antonine revolution” in Roman military dress

Antonius Primus

Aornos, siege of (327 B.C.)

Apollonios, archives of

Apology (Plato)

Apophthegmata Lakonika

Appian

on Battle of Pharsalus

on soldiers’ terms of service

as source on Second Punic War

Apulia as ally of Hannibal

Aratus

Arcadians

aid to Syracuse during Sicilian Expedition

mercenaries

military practices

archaeology of war

See also

excavations

battle and combat

complete mail shirt

evidence of exchange and interaction across cultural boundaries

experimental

of Goths

information about antigonists of Greek and Rome

organization of armies

pilum

and Roman arms and armor

Roman saddles

on Sasanian Persia

on siege warfare

soldiers’ dress

strengths and weaknesses of evidence

of transfontier peoples

Archagathus

Archelaus

archers

aboard Athenian triremes

Cretans

horse archers

Huns as

Parthian

in Sasanian army

in Sicilian Expedition

Archidamian War

Archidamus of Sparta

archihypaspistes

Archilochus of Paros

on abandoning shield

early personal poetry by

on epikouros

on Lydian ruler Gyges

Archimedes

defense of Syracuse

in service of Hieron II of Syracuse

siege weapons

Arch of Titus

Ardashir I (Sasanian king)

Areus (King of Sparta)

Arginusae, Battle of

Argives

Argive shield

Argos

army of

Kegelhelm helmet from

military court in

Argyraspids

in Cilicia

losses in crossing of the Nile

Arimnestus

Aristagoras

Aristarchus of Samothrace

Aristeides, Aelius

Aristeus

Aristides

Aristocles

aristocracy

affinity opposing unity among Greeks

cavalry and

Greek and Greek/barbarian dichotomy

Roman

and military virtues

relationship with army in Imperial era

and Sasanian army

“Aristocrats” (Douglass)

Aristodemus

Aristophanes

on agrarian population during sieges

The Frogs

on Peloponnesian War

on soldiers’ rations

on trauma of war

Aristotle

on gift of spear and shield after ephebic training

on light infantry

on mercenaries

tyranny and

on military training

on pelte shield

on tactical system for infantry

on war debates in frontier regions

on warfare

on war-mad man

Armenia/Armenians

Christian conversion of

Lucius Verus in

revolt against Sasanians (450/451)

in Sasanian cavalry

Sasanian peace with

armies, Carthaginian

armies, Greek.

See also

See also

See also

See also

discipline in

little knowledge on campaign infrastructure

medical services

organization

Athenian

Spartan

Spartan in 371 B.C.

Theban in 371 B.C.

training

armies, Hellenistic

auxiliary forces

care of soldiers’ families

cavalry

defections of commanders and troops

discipline in

hiring of mercenaries

importance of baggage for troops

infantry

influence on Roman army

loss of lives in

mercenaries in

remuneration of

military codes

navy

siege warfare

size of

armies, sizes of

at battle of Ipsus

of Caesar

Greek forces in Sicilian Expedition

at Raphia

armies and appearance

Arminius

attack on Varus at Teutoburg Forest

pursued by Germanicus

Varus and

armor, Greek

See also

greaves;

See also

helmets

See also

shields

ankle guards

body armor

mitre

foot guards

limb protection

thigh guards

armor, Roman

body armor

in Imperial era

in Republican era

Imperial era cavalry

manufacturing of cavalry armor

shoulder protection

armors

effectiveness of breastplates

for elephants

of hoplites

for horses

of the hypaspists

in Sasanian army

army, Macedonian

discipline in

little knowledge on campaign infrastructure

army, Roman.

See also

cavalry, Roman

See also

legions

adaptability of

Caesar on

allegiance of soldiers to individual commanders

allied forces in

Livy on

Ammianus on flexibility of

awards and

bureaucracy of

change in Imperial era

cohors ix Batavorum, documents on

cohors xx Palmyrenorum, documents on

commands

delegation of

length of

conscription of farmers

consular armies

deployment

on eastern frontier in late antiquity

of manipular battle line

on the northern frontiers

differences between armies of the Principate and those of the Punic Wars

entrenched marching camps

flexibility of the manipular formation

foreign troops in

growing reliance on recruitment of barbarians

hunting and provisioning of the troops

in Imperial era

daily routine of

discipline

professional standing army

size of standing army

terms of enlistment

invasion of Germany east of the Rhine River

legal privileges of soldiers

and local administration

loyalties of soldiers

lustration of

and means necessary to defeat elephants

medical services

mercenaries in

military command function of political office

military traditions

oath of allegiance to emperor

organization of

archaeology and

pay

payment of allies with plunder

personal and collective identity as soldiers

promotions

reconstructions of soldiers

representations of Roman soldiers

Republican era

discipline in

training at discretion of commanders

during Second Punic War

studies on logistics of

training

use of elephants

use of professional allies and auxiliaries

army, Sasanian

compared to Roman armies

conquered people conscripted in

elephants in

organization

Arrhidaeus

Arrian

advance in Cappadocia

on exploratores

on Gedrosian disaster of Alexander

on horses

maneuvers

nosebands

Thracian horses

on kataskopoi

military manual commissioned by Hadrian

narrative of the siege of Tyre

on sword of Roman cavalryman

Tactica

on thigh guards for horsemen

on treatment of wounds

use of Nearchus as source

arrows

armors and

wounds from

Arsacid dynasty

Arsenal of Philon

Ars Tactica (Arrian)

on cavalry maneuvers

on throwing lances from horseback

Ars Veterinaria (Pelagonius)

art.

See also

sculpture

on besieged cities

on Persian army

representation of warfare in

on shields

Sumerian, on warfare

swords depicted in

tomb paintings of war chariots

Artaxata (Armenia)

Artaxerxes II

Artayctes

Artemisium, Battle of (480 B.C.)

Arthahastra (Kautilya)

Art of Horsemanship, The (Xenophon).

See

Peri hippikes (“On Horsemanship”) (Xenophon)

Asclepiodotus

on light cavalry

on shields

on subdivisions of the Macedonian phalanx

Asorestan developed by Sasanians

“Asphodel” (Williams)

aspis

Aspis (Menander)

Assembly of Centuries (Comitia Centuriata)

Assyria

hoplites in

Severus and

siege techniques

two-level galleys

asthetairoi.

See

pezhetairoi

asymmetrical warfare

by Roman legions

Atarrhias

Atarrhias son of Deinomenes

Athenaion Politeia (Aristotle)

Athenian expedition to Sicily (415 B.C.)

diplomacy strategy

errors and miscalculations

Greek forces in

cavalry

fleet

retreat

split command in

Syracusan forces

war aims

Athens.

See also

armies, Greek

See also

hoplites

See also

navy, Athenian

acclaiming Antigonus and Demetrius as divine saviors

cavalry force

civil war of 403

classical army of

Demetrius and

acclaimed as divine savior

liberation from Cassander by

siege of Athens

discovery of silver at Laurium

effect of losses of wealthier citizens due to war

excavations and evidence of plague in Athens

gift by Antigonus to

hoplites in

identification of aristocrats with Persians

impact of destruction of countryside in Peloponnesian War

inscriptions relating to warfare

Long Walls

military commanders

mustering of archers

peltasts

penalties for acts relating to military service

promoting stereotype of barbarians

prosecutions over alleged military misconduct

spies from

wages of soldiers and sailors

war and peace

Atratinus, L. Sempronius

Attic frontier, defense of

Atticus

Aufidienus, Rufus

augurium salutis

Augustus (Roman Emperor).

See also

Octavian

closure of the shrine of Janus

exploitation of spolia opima tradition

Prima Porta image

revival of augurium salutis

Roman army under

auxiliary cavalry

binded to the Emperor

and command

military bases along the Rhine

navy in

professional army

triumphal theme of funeral of

triumphs of

Aulus Atticus

Aurelian (Roman Emperor)

Aurelius Marcianus

Aurelius Sarapion

Ausculum, Battle of (279)

auspices

Austin, N. J. E.

auxilia

auxiliary forces, Roman

award of Roman citizenship

cavalry

Germans in

in imperial armies

Trajan’s Column on

Avars

Azerbaijan developed by Sasanians

Babylon

Bacchylides of Ceos

Bactra, siege of

Bactria

Baculus, P. Sextius

Badian, Ernst

Baecula, Battle of (208 B.C.)

Balacrus son of Nicanor

Balash (Sasanian king)

Balbus, L. Cornelius

Balearic archers

Balearic slingers

barbarians.

See also

Greek-barbarian dichotomy

people beyond Roman frontiers as

Spartans portrayed as by Euripides

Baris horses

Barsauma, bishop of Nisibis

Bartell, S.

Bartov, Omer

basileis (kings) in Homer

Basilica Exercitatoria

Batavians

Bato of Dalmatia

Bato the Pannonian

battle deployments

of cohorts

at Cynoscephalae

at Leuctra

Macedonian

of manipular line

phalanxes deep deployment

of velites

battlefields

archaeology

as archeological sites

destruction of Varus’s army by Arminius

fertilizing fields

post-conflict clearance

battlefield trauma.

See also

blindness, hysterical

Classical writers on

Gorgias on

Roman

Shay on

Battle of Blenheim, The (Southey)

Battle of the Champions

Battle of the Frogs and the Mice

Battle of the Weasel and the Mice

battles

ferocity and brutality in

hoplite battle

between hoplites and non-hoplite infantry

length of

Beard, M.

Belisarius

at battle of Callinicum

in battle of Dara

Procopius secretary to

Bellum Civile (Caesar)

Bellum Judaicum (Josephus)

beneficiarii

Bharam Chobin (Parthian general)

Bible on forbidding cutting down of fruit trees while besieging a city

Biton

Construction of War Engines, The

on siege engines of Alexander

Blackbourn, D.

Blackhawk Down (Bowden)

Blackhawk Down (film)

black rat and Roman logistics

Blaesus, Ti. Semprenius

blindness, hysterical

of Epizelus

Herodotus on

Blyth, Henry

Boardman, John

Boeotia, invasion of by Spartans

Boeotian Confederacy, army of

Boeotians

aid to Syracuse during Sicilian Expedition

cavalry of

hoplite shield of

and large-force reconnaissance

light infantry

bog deposits, Scandinavian, and information on ancient warfare

Bolanus, Vettius

Bomilcar

bonds, creation of by Philip II and Alexander

Book of Golden Deeds, The

booty

border spats

Bosworth, A. B.

Boudica

revolt in 60

Tacitus on

Bowden, Mark

bows

Brasidas (Spartan general)

at Amphipolis

cavalry of

hoplite formation by

social class of

on stratagems

and timber supply

wounded

bravery

acts of courage

honors bestowed in Roman army

ideal of hoplites

and prestige in Roman and Italian culture

siege warfare and

in Sparta

Britain

hill forts overcome by Romans

Roman conquest of

archaeological evidence for operation in Northern Scotland

archaeology on

Sarmatian cavalry unit in

British Way in Warfare, The (Liddell Hart)

Brooke, Rupert

Bruttians in Hannibal’s army

Bucephalus

Burgundians

burials

after combats

Germans

practices of transfrontier peoples

Burkert, Walter

Burn, A. R.

Bury, J. B.

Busta Gallorum, battlefield of

Caecina

Caesar, Julius

on arms and armor

on pilum

on shields

army of

deployment of cohorts

size of

use of allied cavalry to monitor the Helvetii

use of cohorts

use of Numidian cavalry

building erected by

campaigns against the Gauls

studies on logistics of

collection of strategic intelligence

combining Roman and Hellenistic traditions

on consilium

cutting water supply to Cadurci

on differences between Gauls and Germans

establishment of Rhine-Danube frontier

and feast after triumph

on Germans

on good leadership

on mutilation during Spanish War of 46/5 B.C.

at Ruspina

use of field fortifications

use of term exploratores

at Uzita

Velleius Paterculus on

writing included in Men at War

Cagniart, P.

Calgacus

Callias of Aradus

Callias of Sphettus

Callinicum, Battle of (A.D. 531)

Callinus of Ephesus

Callisthenes

Camarina

camels

Camillus, M. Furius

campaigns

and objective evaluation

seasonal

Camp Fortifications (Pseudo-Hyginus)

camps, Roman

fortified marching

forum in

and future cities

Vegetius on maintaining good conditions in camps

Camulodunum

canabae

Cannae, Battle of (216 B.C.)

brutality of

Carthaginians

cavalry at

dominance

victory

day of

Livy on

Romans

defeat

disputes between commanders

order at

tactics at

Çan sarcophagus

Cape Taenarum as hiring center for mercenaries

Capitoline Fasti

captives.

See

prisoners

Capture of Miletus (Phrynichus)

Caracalla (Roman Emperor)

Caratacus

Carduchians

Carians, equipment of

Carneia festival

Carney, E.

Carrhae, Battle of (53 B.C.)

Carthage

fleet of

heavy infantry of

and horsemanship

impact of Second Punic War

invaders of Punic Africa

reforms by Hannibal after Second Punic War

reliance on mercenaries

return to prosperity after Second Punic War

use of elephants

war chariots

Cartledge, P

Carus (Roman Emperor)

Cassander

Cassius, C. Avidius

Casson, L.

Catana

cataphractarii

catapults

of Demetrius Poliorcetes

early use by Dionysius of Syracuse

Ephyra catapult

invention of

torsion

used at sieges

Amida

Jotapata

Catch-22 (Heller)

Catiline

Cato, M. Porcius

cats in Roman forts

cavalry

See also

light cavalry

See also

warhorses

armored

auxiliary horsemen

in battle of Dara

of camels

Campanian

on classical battlefield

cost of establishing a force of

deployment at Leuctra

formations

and large-force reconnaissance

Macedonian

and conquest of Asia

mounted javelin men

Parthian

Sarmatian

Sasanian

training

Cantabrian gallop

charge from concealment

testudo and petrinos

used with light infantry

cavalry, Greek

in Athenian Sicilian Expedition

of Athens

horses

acquisition of warhorse bloodstock

as integral part of an initial hoplite attack

mounts owned by troopers

recuitment

Theban

cavalry, Hellenistic

armor of

decline in quality

equipment of

lance-wielding

organization

cavalry, Roman

allied forces

armor and helmets

disappearance of

under Gallienus

grades of horses of alae and cohortes equitatae

Imperial

late antiquity heavy

maneuvers

solid performance in armies of the Principate

style of fighting

subsidiary role in the battlefield

Touloutegon

training

weapons

Cavalry Commander, The (Xenophon)

Cawkwell, G. L.

Cedreiae

Celsus, A. Cornelius

Celts as mercenaries

“Cenotaph of the Julii” (Saint-Remy de Provence)

censors, Roman

centurions

Cephisosotus the Younger

Cerealis, Governor of Britain

Cerealis, Q. Petilius

Chaeronea, Battle of (338 B.C.)

Alexander as commander of Macedonian cavalry at

Macedonian cavalry at

mortuary studies and

remains from

Theban soldier killed at

use of sarissa by Philip II’s cavalry

Chaeronea, Battle of (86 B.C.)

burning of enemy arms by Sulla

Roman trenches and towers at

use of chariots

chain of command

development in Sparta

in Roman army

chalcaspides

Chalcidians, cavalry of

Chaldaeans, heavy infantry of

Chalybians

Chamberlin, J. Edward

Chaonians

Characters (Theophrastus)

Chares

Cherusci

Chester indoor riding school

chest wounds

Chians

slave in army of

triremes of

Chigi vase illustration of spears

chiliarchia

chiliarchies of Macedonians

Chios, Battle of (201 B.C.)

Chios, siege of

chremata

Christians

in Sasanian empire

on western frontier of Sasanians

Chronicle (Malalas)

Churchill, Winston

Cicero, M. Tullius

on Corinthian cavalry

on divination by birds

on good leadership

on medicus in the army

preconception on Roman wars

on Roman piety and religion

Cilicia

Cilles

Cimbri

Cimon

adaptation of Athenian triremes

disguise of his force

siege of Phaselis

Cineas

Circesium

circumvallation

in Athenian siege of Syracuse

cost of

decrease in

as Greek method of siege

of Plataea by Spartans

cities.

See also

city-states, Greek

defense of unwalled

effect of friendly armies in

fear of revolution in besieged

Roman walls

Sasanian

citizen militias

citizenship

Athenian

open attitude in enrolling new citizens during Hellenistic period

Roman

awarded to auxiliary forces

citizen-soldier, Greek concept of

city-states, Greek

association with the feminine

emergence of

finances of

given military equipment by Hellenistic rulers

polis patriotism

versus vision of panhellenic unity

Civilis

civil wars

among Parthians

Athens civil war of 403

Roman

civil war of

effect on Roman Empire

triumphs and

use of cavalry during civil war of

Syracuse and

clades Variana

Classicus, Julius

classis (service as heavy infantry)

classis Britannica

classis Misenatium

classis Ravennatium

Claudius (Roman Emperor)

in Britain

donative on accession

navy under

revival of augurium salutis

revival of fetial treaty ceremonies

Claudius Pulcher, Ap.

Claudius Pulcher, P.

Claudius Terentianus

Clearchus

on Cyrus

discipline under

Cleitus

Cleochares of Cephisia

Cleombrotus

army deployment at Leuctra

invasion of Boeotia

Cleomenes I (Spartan king)

and mercenaries

Cleon (Athenian general)

Cleonymus

siege of Sparta

clibanarii

Clisthenes

close combat, valorization of

closing of the shrine of Janus

Clouds (Aristophanes)

Coele-Syria

Coenus

cohesion.

See also

social cohesion, concept of

discipline and

of Roman army

of unit as motivator in combat

“Cohesion and disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II” (Shils and Janowitz)

cohorts

as basic tactical unit

deployment of

replacing maniples

scouting assignments along the limes

coinage

as military potential for the future

naval finances and

and payment of mercenaries

Colophon, cavalry of

Combat zone (O’Brien)

combined arms warfare

coordination of fleet and land army

development of

Hellenistic

comedies

Hellenistic on sieges

professional soldiers as type of character in Greek

commanders.

See also

chain of command

See also

generalship

Ammianus on

in Athens

importance of personalities of

Velleius Paterculus on

in Sparta

Commentaries on the Civil War (Caesar)

Commentaries on the Gallic War (Caesar)

Commodus (Roman emperor)

“common peace,” concept of

communities around Roman military bases

Companions (hetairoi) (heavy cavalry)

exploits of

Connolly, J.

Connolly, Peter

on pilum

replica of scutum

saddle reconstruction

Connor, Robert

consilium

Constantia, Roman fort at

Constantine (Roman Emperor)

cavalry under

death of

fleet of

Constantinople

Sasanian armies and

siege by Sasanians in 626

Constantius (Roman emperor)

Constantius II (Roman Emperor)

Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle).

See

Athenaion Politeia (Aristotle)

Constitution of the Lacedaemonians (Xenophon)

Construction of Arrows, The (Heron of Alexandria)

Construction of Artillery, The (Heron of Alexandria)

Construction of War Engines, The (Biton)

consuls, Roman

and command in battle

and conduct of war

contiones

Cookson, G. M.

Corbridge hoard

Corbulo, Cn. Domitius

discipline of

meeting Paetus’s army

Paetus and

on the Parthian frontier

reputation of

Tacitus on

Corinth

cavalry

and Syracuse during Sicilian Expedition

Corinthian War (394–386 B.C.)

Coronea

Battle of (394 B.C.)

corselets

Corupedium, Battle of (280 B.C.)

Cossus, A. Cornelius

Cotta

Coulston, J. N. C.

cowardice, penalties for

Crassus, L. Licinius

Crassus, M. Licinius (i)

after battle of Carrhae

at Carrhae

Crassus, M. Licinius (ii)

killing of enemy commander Deldo

Craterus

Cratesipolis

Cratinus

Cremona, Second Battle of (A.D. 69)

Cretans

as archers

as mercenaries

Critias

Croesus of Lydia

crossbows

Ctesibius of Alexandria

Ctesiphon

sack of in A.D.

cuirass

bell cuirass

description by Statius

effectiveness of

weight of

culture

as dividing line between Rome and its enemies

Roman army as conduit of

Cunaxa, Battle of (401 B.C.)

appointment of physicians after defeat at

Cyrus the Younger

address before

death of

Greeks left after

infantry formation at

mutilation of Persian dead

Xenophon on

Curtius Lupus

Curtius Rufus, Q.

on reorganization of command of hypaspists

on silver-plating of shields

on treatment of wounds

customhouses, soldiers and

Cynegetica (Pseudo-Oppian)

Cynegeticus (“On Hunting with Dogs”) (Xenophon)

Cynoscephalae, Battle of (197 B.C.)

burial of cavalry killed at

defeat of Philip V at

Roman deployment at

Roman tactics at

Cyprus

Demetrius in war against Ptolemy

war chariots during Ionian Revolt of

Cyreans

Cyropaedia (Education of Cyrus) (Xenophon)

on qualities of successful leader

on spies

Cyrus the Great

Cyrus the Younger

address before Battle of Cunaxa

at Cunaxa

mercenary remuneration offered by

Xenophon on

Dacians

Dacian Wars

daggers

Daimachus

Damarion

Danube front

Dara, Battle of (A.D. 530)

Darius I

Darius III

cavalry at Gaugamela

chase by Companion Cavalry of Alexander

loyalty of Greek mercenaries to

served by Rhodian generals

Daylamites in Sasanian army

dead, the

burial

mutilation

rituals for

stripping

debriefing after battle

deception and stratagem

decimation

declaration of war

Greek

Roman fetial

decorations in Roman Imperial army

decuriones

deforestation

effect of wars

wood need of military forces and

Deidameia

Delbrück, H.

Delian League

Athenian control of

compared to Latin League

financial contributions to

in war against Persia

Delium, Battle of (424 B.C.)

Athenian defeat at

Boeotian horses at

light troops at

opening moves of

Theban tactics at

Delos

Delphion

Demaratus

Demetrius of Phalerum

Demetrius Poliorcetes, the “Besieger,”

at battle of Ipsus

breastplate

Cypriot breastplate presented to

effectiveness of

catapults on ships

divinization of

fleet of

gift of panoplies to Athens

homeland and identity of

loyalty of mercenaries to

married to Phila

masculinity of

siege of Rhodes

siege train of

sources on

demography

population transfers by tyrants of Syracuse

of Rome after Second Punic War

Demosthenes

on army of Philip II

co-commander with Cleon

on payments to mercenaries

in Sicilian Expedition

and sieges

speeches of

Third Philippic

on watch on the Attic frontier

deos (apprehension)

depotatoi

De re militari (Vegetius)

Dessau, H.

destructiveness of war

devotio

Diades

Diadochoi.

See

Successors

Diadoch War, Second

diagnosis and prognosis

Dictionary of Military and Naval Quotations (Heinl)

dilochia

Dio, Cassius

on arrowheads

on Boudica

on Claudius in Britain

on Crassus’s killing of Deldo

on German frontier

on revolts against Rome

on Septimius Severus against Parthians

on siege of Hatra

as source on Second Punic War

on wounded at Tapae

Diocletian (Roman Emperor)

cavalry under

and eastern defenses

edict on prices

Persian peace settlement

Diodorus Siculus

on Archimedes’s siege weapons

on Battle of Leuctra

on Demetrius Poliorcetes

on siege of Rhodes

distinction between hypaspists and argyraspides

erroneous passage on hoplites

on fleet of Antigonus Monophthalmus

on Greek mercenaries of Agathocles

on high payment offered by Phocians

on hypaspists with Perdiccas

on mercenaries

on money and war

on new development in siege warfare

on payments to Balearic Islanders

on Roman reluctance to hiring mercenaries

on Sicilian Expedition

on Nicias

on size of

on sieges of Tyre and Rhodes

on Spartan sieges

on spears thrown by hoplites

on swords of peltasts

on Syracuse after Athenian Sicilian Expedition

on term hoplite

Diogenes Laertius

Dionysius of Alexandria

Dionysius of Halicarnassus

on fetial res repetere procedure

on fetials’ demands for satisfaction before a war

on manipular legion

on military reform of Servius Tullius

on religion

on treatment of the wounded in Roman army

Dionysius of Phocaea

Dionysius of Syracuse

looting of sanctuaries

mercenaries employed by

production of equipment for infantry

quadriremes and quinqueremes of

and siege artillery

and siege warfare

siege engines

technical innovation

Dioscorides, Pedanius

diphalangia

diplomacy and provision of supplies

diplomatic intelligence before Sicilian Expedition

discipline, military

See also

punishment, military

Aeschylus on Greek

Hellenistic armies

Homeric Greece

incentives rewarding

in Roman Imperial army

Macedonia

polis armies

in Roman army

harshness of

Imperial era

Republican era

Discourses (Epictus)

Dodge, T. A.

dogs

Domitian (Roman emperor)

donatives to army, Imperial

Dorians and festival of Carneia

dory

Dorylaus of Pontus

doryphoroi

Douglass, Keith

Dover, Kenneth

Dracon’s law on homicide

Drepana, naval defeat at (249 B.C.)

drinking and combat

Drusenheim helmet

Drusus

Ducetius (Sicel king)

“Dulce Et Decorum Est” (Owen)

Dura-Europus

archaeology at

mail bards found at

Roman army in

Roman base in

siege of

Dyrrachium, siege of

Eberhart, R.

economic structures of war

economy, passage of armies and

Education of Cyrus (Xenophon).

See

Cyropaedia (Education of Cyrus) (Xenophon)

Egesta appeal to Athens (416 B.C.)

Egypt

allotment of land to military settlers

early ship transport of military forces

heavy infantry

hoplites in

horses from

navy

payments for military purposes

use of Greek mercenaries

elaphroi (light cavalry)

Eleans, army of

elephants

at battle of Ipsus

of Hannibal

horses and

reintroduction in Hellenistic warfare

in Sasanian army

“Elephant Victory” (275)

Eleusis

Elginhaugh, Scotland

emperors, Roman

Encomium of Helen (Gorgias)

endurance, Hellenistic commanders and

enemy, locating

engineering

Philon of Byzantium treatises on

in sieges

Suetonius on soldiers as engineers and builders

units at siege of Jotapata

units of Trajan’s army

Ennius

environment, warfare and

Epaminondas

at Battle of Leuctra

tactics leading to victory

death at Mantinea

extreme discipline by

influence on Philip II of Macedon

invasion of the Peloponnese

and spear

spear wound to the chest

tactics

changes in hoplite phalanx

use of cavalry in combined arms battle

ephebeia (military training of young men)

epheboi

equipment of

garrison and duty patrol of

Ephesus

Ephorus

Ephorus of Cyme

Epicrates

Epictus

Epidamnus, siege of (434 B.C.)

Epidaurus, Argives investment of

epidemics.

See also

pandemics

See also

plagues

effects on Mediterranean peoples

Epidemics (Hippocratic Corpus)

epikouros

epilektoi (picked, or elite, troops)

Epimachus of Athens

Epipolae

Epitome rei militaris (Vegetius)

on cavalry marches

on Hunnish horse

Epizelus, hysterical blindness of

equipment, Greek

arms and armor

of hoplites

price

uniformity of

equipment, Roman

arms and armor

caliga speculatoria boots

early

Eranshar (land of the Aryans)

Sasanian offensive warfare as defense of

espionage.

See also

military intelligence

Greek

Etruria

adoption of hoplite equipment

traditional equestrian society

Eumenes II of Pergamum

Eumenes of Cardia

Argyraspids in service of

battle with Antigonus

hiring mercenaries

killing of Neoptolemus

at Magnesia

murder of

at Paraetacene

Perdiccas and

Euripides

on madness of Heracles

on peace

on rituals for the war dead

on trauma of war

Eurydice

Eurymedon

Euthydemus

evocatio

excavations.

See also

archaeology of war

and evidence of plague in Athens

at Maiden Castle (Britain)

Newstead

at Waldgirmes, Germany

executions

experience in selection of Athenian commanders

exploratores

evolution of

stationed along the frontier

extortion by Roman soldiers

Fabius Maximus Cunctator, Q.

Plutarch on

tactics of

Fabius Pictor, Quintus

Face of Battle, The (Keegan)

Fasti Triumphales

fear

horses and

as motivator of war

Ferghana, horses from

Ferrill, Arthur

festivals, war and

fetials

consultation by Senate before wars

and demands for satisfaction

surrendering of Roman offenders to enemies

treaty ceremony

Fick, Nathaniel

finances, Hellenistic wars and government

finances, military.

See also

aerarium militare

in Athens

Laurium silver

in Roman Imperial era

Second Punic War

in Carthage

in Rome

finances, naval

Roman

Findlow, Frank J.

Finley, Moses

fire use in warfare

flamethrowers

Flaccus, Q. Fulvius

death at Herdonea

use of Numidian cavalry

Flamininus, L. Quinctius

Flamininus, T. Quinctius

Flaminius, C.

defeat at Lake Trasimene

dispensing with religious oath

triumph approved by popular assembly

Flavius Abbinnaeus

Florus, revolt of

Florus on origin of triumphs

Flower, H. I.

food

foraging of armies

growing at Roman military bases

as important logistic factor

Philon of Byzantium on storage of food for besieged cities

Foot Companions

formations

See also

phalanxes

of Batavians

early Roman

army of the community as a whole

war bands

of Hellenistic cavalry

maniple

fortifications

along Greek frontier

providing information about army organization

Roman

on eastern frontier

field

Sasanian

long walls in

Forum Augustum

Foster, Patricia

Franks

Frederick the Great

freedom for Greeks as justification of war

freedom of speech

at camp contio

in the Republican Roman army

freedoms

of Greek soldiers

of Macedonian soldiers

friends/guest-friends

in armies of the ancient world

and mercenary service

Frisian horse

Frogs, The (Aristophanes)

From the Founding of the City (Livy)

frontiers, surveillance along

Frontinus

on discipline

on interference with enemies’ water supply

on logistics

mention of velites with Sulla at Orchomenus

on Roman generalship

frugality, Hellenistic commanders and

frumentarii

Fuller, J. F. C.

Fulvius Centumalus

Fulvius Flaccus.

See

Flaccus, Q. Fulvius

Fussell, Paul

fustuarium (cudgeling to death)

Gabiene, Battle of (316 B.C.)

Argyraspids in

baggage train of Eumenes seized by Antigonus

Gabriel, R. S.

Gaius Gracchus

Galen

on abdominal wounds

on hemostasis

on plague during reign of Marcus Aurelius

on suturing

Galerius (Roman Emperor)

Galilee, Roman warfare in

Gallienus (Roman Emperor)

Galloway, J. L.

Gamala, siege of

Gates of fire (Pressfield)

Gaugamela, Battle of (331 B.C.)

Macedonian cavalry at

numbers at

use of a Macedonian reserve force

Gauls

archaeological evidence on

complex society of

employed in Hellenistic armies

head-taking in war

influence on Roman soldiers’ clothing

as martial societies

splendor of arms of

Gedrosian expedition

Gela, ally of Syracuse

Gelon of Syracuse

combined arms warfare

help sent to Greeks against Persians in 480

hiring of mercenaries

military dictator

Gemellus, Lucius Bellenus

Geminus, Gnaeus Servilius

General, The (Onasander)

generals

supervision and prosecution of Greek

technical skills of Hellenistic

generalship

Alexander the Great

archaic and classical Greece

fourth century B.C.

Hellenistic

Homeric

Philip II of Macedon

Roman

Imperial era

Republican

Generalship of Alexander the Great, The (Fuller)

Gepids

Germania

ancient geography and terrain

fleets and conquest of

map

as Roman frontier

routes of supplies in

Germanicus

battlefield tour

burial of remains of Varus’s army

invasion of Germania

marching order of army of

mutinous riots against

pursuit of Arminius

Tacitus on

Tiberius and

triumph of

use of military intelligence

use of North Sea

Germans

as auxiliary forces of Romans

at beginning of first century A.D.

effect of Roman world on

Tacitus on

gerron

Gichon, M.

Gilgamesh

Gillespie, Alexander

Gladiator (film)

gladius

See also

Spanish sword

Glaucias

Göktürk Khaganate

Goldberg, Neil J.

Goldsworthy, Adrian

Gomme, A. W.

Gordian III (Roman Emperor)

Gorgias

Goths

Gracchus, Ti. Sempronius

Granicus River, Battle of (334 B.C.)

Grass (Sandburg)

Gratian (Roman emperor)

Grattius Faliscus

Great Jewish War, victory of Titus in

Great Ludovisi battle sarcophagus

Great Plains, Battle of (203 B.C.)

greaves

Greece, Classical (map), xxxiii

Greece, war and warfare in

classical period

Greek-barbarian dichotomy

beginning in archaic poetry

laid out first in Persae

Greek State at War, The (Pritchett)

Greeks under siege

Griffith, G. T.

Grumentum, Battle of (207 B.C.)

Grundy, G. B.

Gudme

Guisborough helmet

Gurgan developed by Sasanians

Gylippus

coming to Syracuse’s aid

Hadrian (Roman emperor)

armored cavalry under

cost of revolts under

establishment of forest reserve

exploratores under

military skill of

Hagemann, Arnold

Hagnon (Athenian general)

Halicarnassus, siege of (334)

Haltern, legionary fortress of

Hamilcar Barca

hamippoi

Hammond, N. G. L.

Hannibal

admired by Scipio Africanus

army of

in Battle of Side

at Cannae

commanding fleet of King Prusias of Bithynia

debate on possible march on Rome

land devastation by

Livy on

requisition of horses in Italy

in Second Punic War

losses in crossing the Pyrenees

size of army of

studies on logistics of campaigns of

study by Dodge

tactics of

use of elephants

use of serpents

use of Spanish cavalry at Cannae

and welfare of his men

Hanno

Hansen, M. H.

Hanson, Victor Davis

on Battle of Delium

on Battle of Leuctra

on naval logistics

Western Way of War, The

Harpagos

Harpalus

Harrington, James

Hart, B. H. Liddell

harvests, armies and

Hasdrubal

Hasdrubal son of Gisco

Hasdrubal the Fair

hasta

hastati

age of

withdrawal and replacement by principes

Hatra, assault of

hatred as motivator of war

head wounds

heavy infantry.

See also

hoplites

Egyptian

phalanxes and

Roman

reliance on

Hecuba (Euripides)

Heddernheim helmet

Heinl, R. D.

helepolis

Heliodorus

Hellanicus

Hellenica (Xenophon)

Hellenic League

Hellenistic empires (maps)

Hellenistic wars

Heller, Joseph

helmets

Chalcidian

cheek-pieces on

Greek

archaic Cretan

Chalcidian

Corinthian

effectiveness of

found at Olympia

Illyrian

on the islands

Thomas

Thracian

Montefortino type

peak helmets

Roman

of cavalrymen

Imperial era

Republic

Hemingway, Ernest

hemostasis

Hephaestion

Hephthalites

kingdoms eliminated by Kusro I

in Sasanian army

as threat to Sasanians

Heraclea, Battle of (280 B.C.)

Heracleitus

Heracleon

Heracles (Euripides)

Heraclitus of Ephesus

Heraclius (Roman Emperor)

Herdonea, second battle of (210 B.C.)

Herippidas

Hermocrates

Herodotus

on Athenians at Marathon

on barbarian equipment

on battlefield of Plataea

on “Battle of the Champions,”

on Battle of Thermopylae

on battles between Greeks and Persians

on Carians and Ionians in service to the pharaoh

connection to Homer

contrast between hard and soft cultures

on freedom and fighting

on Greek/barbarian dichotomy

on Greek ethnic solidarity

on horses

on hysterical blindness

idea of sea power

influence on Ammianus

justification of war

on mercenaries

on Miltiades

on rituals

on questions asked of Oracle at Delphi

on trophies

on ritual sacrifices

on scythed chariots

on size of Xerxes’s army

on Spartans

on spies

on Thracian peltasts

on trierarchoi

on triremes of Polycrates of Samos

on tyranny and mercenaries

on use of camels by Cyrus of Persia

Hesiod

hetairoi.

See

Companions

Hiero

Hieron (Spartan)

Hieron of Syracuse

Archimedes in service of

mercenaries employed by

military dictator

Hieronymus of Cardia

Hignett, C.

Himera, Battle of (480 B.C.)

Himera as ally of Syracuse

Himilco

hipparch, spies and

hipparchia

Hipparchios (“The Duties of a Cavalry Commander”) (Xenophon)

Hippika Gymnasia

Hippocrates

Hippocratic Corpus

Hipponax of Ephesus

Hipponoidas

Histories (Amianus Marcellinus)

Hitler’s Army (Bartov)

Hittites

Hölscher, Tonio

Homer.

See also

Iliad (Homer)

See also

Odyssey (Homer)

and development of Greek/barbarian dichotomy

earliest lines of

on epikouros

on experience of war

influence of

lack of hierarchy in Homeric epic

on martial excellence

on military discipline

on mutilation

on preparations for the conduct of war

on protection of limbs

shields mentioned in

on ships carrying warriors

use of term phalanx

on war

honor

Greek code

matters of as justification for war

of mercenaries

as Roman strategic objective under Germanicus

Honorius

hoplite panoply of Roman centuries

“Hoplite Revolution,”

hoplites

See also

phalanxes

aboard Athenian triremes

in battle

effect of warfare on agricultural fields

equipment of Greek

hypaspists compared to

ideal of bravery of

operating outside of the phalanx

response to cavalry combined with light infantry

in Sicilian Expedition

spears of

weight of gear

hoplon

Hormizdagan, Battle of the plain of (A.D. 224)

Hormizd IV (Sasanian king)

horse archers

horses.

See also

warhorses

feeding of

used in warfare

Howard, Michael

Howe, Timothy

How to Survive under Siege (Aeneas Tacticus)

on emotions

on human factor

on mercenaries

“H. S. Mauberley (Life and Contacts)” (Pound)

Huns

appearance of

raid into Sasanian territory (395)

in Roman army

in Sasanian army

hunting as form of warfare

Hyccara, capture of city by Athenians

Hydaspes, Battle of the (326 B.C.)

Hynes, Samuel

hypaspistai

hypaspistai basilikoi

hypaspists

adorning their armor with silver

as military policemen

hyperetai

Hyphasis mutiny

Iazyges

See also

Sarmatians

payment of cavalrymen and mounts to Rome

Iceni

Idavisto, Battle of

identity, civic, in Latin League

identity, concept of

and homeland

identity, Greek

breakdown of

and development of Greek/barbarian dichotomy

repulse of Xerxes and development of

ideology, military

in Roman society

If I die in a combat zone, box me up and ship me home (O’Brien)

ile

Ilerda, Battle of (49 B.C.)

Iliad (Homer)

Achilles’s battle against the river Scamander

on armor

on lack of effectiveness

on linen corselet

army organization and methods in

defining medical treatment

differences between elite and commoners

on Greek vows before combat

influence

on Catch-22

interpersonal conflict in

justification of war in

on military discipline

nature of Homeric warfare

Shay on

similitude of Greeks and Trojans in

on wounds

Ilipa, Battle of (206 B.C.)

Carthaginian leaders at

elephants at

Scipio Africanus at

imago, Augustus’s use of in military context

Imbros

Inchtuthil

In Command of History (Reynolds)

Indica (Arrian)

infamia (disgrace)

infantry.

See also

heavy infantry

See also

light infantry

Greek

See also

hoplites

See also

phalangites

separation of light infantry from phalanx

Hellenistic

Persian armies and

Roman

See also

legions

Sasanian

infra classem (service as light infantry)

infrastructure supporting war

bridges

Roman roads

inner war, Greek preoccupation with

innovations

in design of pilum

by Dionysius of Syracuse

in infantry tactics

military needs and

during Peloponnesian Wars

in siege warfare

Instructions (Frederick the Great)

insurrections against Sasanian kings

Ionian Revolt

Ionian War

Iphicrates

extreme discipline by

mercenary service

peltasts

reforms

swords

and pelte shield

use of large-force reconnaissance

Ipsus, Battle of (301 B.C.)

Athenian mercenaries in

elephants at

Macedonian cavalry at

scale of

Isaeus, speeches of

Isaura Vetus inscription on evocatio

Isidore of Seville

Isocrates

Issus, Battle of (333 B.C.)

Italians

defection of states to Hannibal

and Hannibal’s invasion

as mercenaries in Sicily

as Roman allies

and Roman cavalry

ius-iurandum

Jacoby, F.

Jakuszowice

Jamasp (Sasanian king)

Jameson, Michael

Janowitz, Morris

Jarhead (Swofford)

javelin men

javelins

See also

pilum (pila)

of psiloi

Roman

thrown by riders

Jerusalem, siege of

Jewish Antiquities (Josephus)

Jewish revolt

John the Baptist on Roman soldiers

John the Lydian

Josephus

on fear and discipline in Roman army

on helmets

on imperial legionary

on maniples

on prodromoi

on Roman cavalry

on Roman unit cohesion

on Roman way of war

on siege of Jotapata

on sword

on Vespasian’s march into Galilee

Joshua the Stylite.

See

Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite

Jotapata, siege of

Jovian (Roman Emperor)

Jugurtha

Jugurtha of Numidia

Jugurthine War, The (Sallust)

Julian (Roman emperor)

campaign into Sasanian Babylonia

cavalry in vanguard

death

Persian expedition in 363

ravaging Sasanian lands

in Roman-Persian warfare

victory over Alamanni at Strasbourg

Junius Blaesius, Quintus

justification of war

freedom for Greeks

propaganda

Justin

Justinian (Roman Emperor)

Justin II (Roman Emperor)

Justus, C. Trebius

Juvenal

Kagan, Donald

Kalkriese.

See

Teutoburg forest

Kallet-Marx, Lisa

Kasr al-Harit (Egypt) shield

katapaltaphetai

kataphraktoi

Parthians and

Sasanian

kataskopoi

espionage by

Kautilya

Kavad (Sasanian king)

father’s hostage to the Hephthalites

reforms by

siege of Amida in 502/503

Keegan, John

Kegelhelm

Kent, J. H.

Khuzestan developed by Sasanians

Kimmig, Wolfgang

kingship, Hellenistic

Knights (Aristophanes)

koine eirene (common peace)

Kolax (Menander)

kontos (contus)

kopis

Koptos Tariff inscription

Krasilnikoff, Jens

Krentz, Peter

Kromayer, J.

Kuhnen, H.-P.

Kusro I (Sasanian king)

conflict against the Roman Empire

invasion of Syria in 540

peace settlement with Rome in 532

reforms by

revolt of Bet Lafat under

Kusro II (Sasanian king)

defeat of Bahram’s rebellion

invasion of Roman Empire

patronage of Christian shrines and institutions

Romans and

Labienus

Labisch, A.

Laches (Plato)

Lade, Battle of (494 B.C.)

Laelius

Lakhmids in Sasanian army

Lamachus

Lambaesis

Lamian War

Lanassa

Laodicea

Lapis Satricanus

Latin League

Lattimore, Richmond

law codes, military

appearance of first Greek

Roman

Laws (Plato)

Lazenby, J. F.

leadership

of Marius

Roman authors on

Xenophon on

leadership in Roman imperial army

Lechaeum, Battle of (391 B.C.)

Lee, A. D.

legions

See also

army, Roman

division in ten tactical units

imperial

number of

reform under Gaius Marius

soldiers’ loyalty to

tactical arrangement

of veteran soldiers

Lelantine War

Lendon, J. E.

Leonidas

Leonymus

Leucas

Leuctra, Battle of (371 B.C.)

citizen losses of Lacedaemonians

fate of survivors of

map of battlefield

sources on

Lewis, David

Library of History (Diodorus Siculus)

Liburnians

in classis Britannica

Tacitus on

Libyans in Carthaginian army

Licinius (Roman Emperor)

Liddell Hart, B. H.

Life of Demetrius (Plutarch)

Life of Eumenes (Plutarch)

Life of Pyrrhus (Plutarch)

light cavalry

and reconnaissance

social position

light infantry.

See also

psiloi;

See also

velites

Greek

organization

separated from hoplites in Athens

Hellenistic

as oarsmen on warships

peltasts and

Roman

thureophoros

use against Hellenistic phalanxes

limes (Roman frontier)

Lindeman, G.

linen used in body armor

literature, impact of classical warfare on

Lives of the Philosophers (Diogenes Laertius)

Livius (Roman general)

Livius Andronicus

Livy

on Aetolian mercenaries

anachronisms in

on arms and armor

on identical equipment of Romans and Latins

on use of pila

on use of shields at Battle of Zama

on battlefield trauma

on Battle of Cannae

on Battle of Side

on cohorts

on debate about dedication of spolia opima by Cossus

description of manipular army

on drilling of recruits

on evocatio

on fetials

on maniples

on military reform of Servius Tullius

mistake based on word thyreos

Polybius as source for

on religion

on Roman assault on Gytheum

on Roman battle line at Magnesia

on Roman reaction to mercenaries

on Second Punic War

on senatorial debates on triumphs

on structure of a magistrate’s year

on treatment of the wounded in Roman army

on triumphs

on victims of defeat at Lake Trasimene

writing included in Men at War

lochos (lochoi)

Lock, Robert

Locri

logades

logistics

of Alexander

Greek armies

Hellenistic armies

Macedonian army

and military intelligence

Roman

in Imperial era

in Republican period

studies of

of Xerxes’s invasion of Greece

Longthorpe, England

Longus, Ti. Sempronius

long walls

in Athens

Sasanian

long wars

of Imperial Rome

sieges as alternative to

Loomis, W. T.

lorica hamata

lorica segmentata

lorica squamata

louage, system of

loyalty, concept of

for Diadochs and their troops

loyalty, personal

Agesilaus and

importance of

during Roman Republic

Successor kings and

of troops to Hannibal

Lucanians

Lucilius Capito

Lucius Verus (Roman Emperor)

Lucullus, L. Licinius

Lusius Quietus

Lycians

Lycurgus of Athens

Lycurgus of Sparta

Lydians

hoplite equipment of

as other

Lygdamis

Lyncestians as hoplites

Lysander

at Battle of Aegospotami

Gylippus under

Lysias, speeches of

Lysimachus

Lysistrata (Aristophanes)

MacArthur, Douglas

Macedon

advantages of kings over Greek generals

as ally of Carthage in Second Punic War

Macedonian society

Macedonian War, First (214–205 B.C.)

machaira

machairophoroi

Machiavelli, Niccolò

MacNiece, Louis

Macrinus

Macrobius

on devotio

on evocatio

Maecenas

Magister Equitum

Magister Peditum

magistrates

prerogative of taking the auspices

vow of departing

Magnesia, Battle of (190 B.C.)

camels at

loss of Macedonian lives at

Roman forces at

use of war chariots at

Mago

Maharbal

Maiden Castle (Britain)

excavations at

remains from

Vespasian at

Mainz, Roman military base in

Maishan developed by Sasanians

Malalas, John

Malene, Battle of (494 B.C.)

Mamertinus, M. Petronius

Mancinus

maniples

deployment of

formation of

flexibility of

Samnite Wars and development of

replacement by cohorts

Mantinea, battles of

Mantinea, First Battle of (418 B.C.)

Argives in

Athenian cavalry at

Mantinea, Second Battle of (362 B.C.)

Epaminondas fatally wounded at

trials for cowardice after

Mantineans

army of

in Sicilian Expedition

Marathon, Battle of (490 B.C.)

Athenian army in

burial of Spartan dead

commemoration of

festival of Carneia and

Greek rituals before and after

phalanxes at

pre-battle behavior

sculpture on

sights of

violence during

Marcellus, M. Claudius

dedication of spolia opima by

ovation after capture of Syracuse

Plutarch on

siege of Syracuse

tactics against Hannibal

Marcomannic Wars (A.D.

Marcomanni tribe

Marcus Antonius

and Battle of Actium

Velleius Paterculus on

Marcus Aurelius (Roman Emperor)

Column of

donative on accession

and long wars

plague during reign of

ritual of initiation of war

threat from the Marcomanni and Quadi tribes

Marcus Caelius, tombstone of

Mardonius (Persian general)

breeding of horses

Pausanias respecting body of

at Plataea

Marinovic, Ludmilla

Marius, Gaius

amount carried by soldiers

army reform

disappearance of velites

consulships of

influence on Roman generalship

innovation in design of the pilum

rise of

Sallust on

and surgery

“Marius’s Mules,”

Markle, M. M.

marriage

politically motivated

of Roman soldiers

Mars, Roman festivals of

Marshall, S. L. A.

martial dress, Roman

evolution of

martial identity, Roman

Masada, siege of

masculinity and siege warfare narrative

Masinissa of Numidia

Massalia, battle of

Mauretania, Romans in

Maurice (Roman Emperor).

See also

Strategikon (Maurice)

campaign into Sasanian Babylonia

Kusro II and

Maurice, F.

Maurice of Saxe

mausoleum of Munatius Plancus

Mayor, Adrienne

meanings of war, Hellenistic

medical instruments

found in valetudinaria

Medical Questions (Rufus of Ephesus)

medical services

medical writing

as source on treatment of wounds

on wound remedies

Megara

Megarians in Sicilian Expedition

Megellus, L. Postumius

Meiggs, R.

Melos, Athenian siege of (415 B.C.)

massacre of the Melians

Memnon

Memorabilia (“Reminiscences of Socrate”) (Xenophon)

on military leadership

Men against Fire (Marshall)

Menander

on bodies left on the battlefield at Delium

comedies of

during Sicilian Expedition

Men at War (Hemingway)

Mende, siege of

Mentor

mercenaries

Aeneas Tacticus on

army morale and use of

Celts

Greek

at Battle of Cunaxa

in Cyrus the Younger’s army

decline among urban Greeks

fighting against other Greeks

getting home

in Near Eastern states

payments in Archaic period

in service to Assyrian and Babylonian kings

in Successor’s Wars

used by Dionysius of Syracuse

in Hellenistic armies

growing percentage

retained regiments versus allied contingents

in Hellenistic navies

hiring of

loyalty of

in mainland Greece

punishment and

remuneration of

in Roman army

placement in imperial marching column

in Sicilian Expedition

in Successor armies

ubiquity in fourth century

used by tyrants

in the West

Merton, Robert

Messana, capitulation of (426)

Messer, W.

metal

used for spearheads

used in body armor

Metapontum

Metaurus, Battle of the (207 B.C.)

Metellus, Lucius Caecilius

Metellus, Quintus Caecilius

campaign against Jugurtha

Sallust on

Methone

Methymna siege by Mytilene

metics in Athenian army

Metz, K. S.

Middleton, Paul

Miles gloriosus (Plautus)

Miletus

military bases

archaeology of

Roman

communities around

dating of archaeological sites

growing food at

storage and protection of supplies

military courts

military ethos

Macedonian

Roman

military intelligence

Alexander and

Caesar on acquisition of

collection of supplies and

speculatores and

weakness of Athenian intelligence during Sicilian Expedition

military manuals

of Cato

in Imperial Rome

of Roman Empire

on siege warfare

military service, Greek

military treasury, Roman

See also

aerarium militare

military tribunes

Miller, Frank

Miller, H. F.

Miller, William

Millett, Paul

Miltiades

Mimnermus of Smyrna

mines and quarries, Roman soldiers working in

Minucius Rufus, Marcus

Minucius Thermus, Quintus

missile, extraction or excision of

misthophoros, as word for mercenaries

misthos

Mithridates Euergetes

Mithridates VI of Pontus

adoption of kataphraktoi

army of

use of war chariots

Mnesimachus

mobility of phalanxes

monetary fines

monetization of warfare

Mons Graupius, Battle of (A.D. 83)

Mons Prophyrites, Egypt

monuments built from triumphing commanders’ spoils

moon

effect of lunar eclipse on Athenians at Syracuse

phases of and battle

Moore, H. G.

morale issues

mortuary studies

Mossynoecians

motivation in war

study of

Tacitus on

Motya, siege of (397)

Munda, Battle of

Caesar’s Tenth at

mutilation of the dead at

Mus, P. Decius

muscle cuirass

mutilation of the dead

mutiny

Hyphasis mutiny

in Roman Republican army

Mycale, Battle of (479 B.C.)

Mytilene, sieges of

Nabis (tyrant of Sparta)

Naevius

naming and ritualized relationships

Napoleon

Naqsh-i-Rustam

Shapur I (Sasanian king) inscription at

victory monument of Shapur

naval warfare

See also

warships

advisors on

logistics and

navies, Hellenistic

financing

navies, infrastructure and costs

navy, Athenian

naval expeditions without funding

treaties on wood for shipbuilding

of triremes

two-level galleys

navy, Carthaginian

in Second Punic War

navy, Roman

bases

created by Augustus

lustration of

rowers in

Naxos

neaniskoi

Nearchus the Cretan

Nemea River, Battle of the (394 B.C.)

Nepos

Nepos, Cornelius

Nereid Monument (Xanthus)

Nero (Roman emperor)

closure of the shrine of Janus

Paulinus and

Nero, Claudius

New Carthage, capture by Scipio Africanus

Newstead excavations

Nicias

request for help from Athens during Sicilian Expedition

against Sicilian Expedition

during Sicilian Expedition

Nicias, Peace of

Niederbieber helmet

Nisibis

nobility.

See

aristocracy

North, J.

Notitia Dignitum

Numantia, Spain

Numidia

Nutton, V.

oaths

of departing Roman magistrates

Roman military

O’Brien, Tim

Octavian.

See also

Augustus

and Battle of Actium

ovation for defeat of Sex. Pompeius

ritual initiation of war against Cleopatra

in sea battles

Velleius Paterculus on

Odenathus (ruler of Palmyra)

Odysseus

Odyssey (Homer)

contrast between Other and humans

influence of

on military discipline

Siren song

Oeconomicus (“The Estate Manager”) (Xenophon)

Oenoe, Spartan siege of

Oldfather, W. A.

Old Oligarch

Olympia

armor discovered at

spearheads found at

swords found at

Olympic Games as Greek preparation for battle

Olynthiacs (Demosthenes)

Onasander

On Horsemanship (Xenophon)

On Hunting (Xenophon)

On Materia Medica (Pedanius Dioscorides)

On Medicine (Celsus)

Onomarchus

On the Estate of Menecles

On the Navy Boards (Demosthenes)

On The Peace (Isocrates)

opponents, Roman

Opsônion

oracles

and Theban army at Leuctra

Orchomenus, siege of

organization, military

in Achaemenid Persia

archaeology of war and

fortifications as information about

Greek armies

Hellenistic cavalry

Iliad on

in Persian empire

Roman

antiquarian writing on

archaeology and

Sasanian

of tribal armies

Oribasius

ornamenta triumphalia

ostracon/ostraca

Other, the

development of in archaic era poetry

Herodotus on

Otho (Roman Emperor)

Othryoneus

ovations

overland transportation

limitations of

use in invasions of Germania

Ovid

Owen, Wilfred

pack animals

mules in Vespasian army

Paetus, L. Caesennius

on the Armenian front

Tacitus on

Pagondas

paian (paean)

Paktolos River, battle at the (395 B.C.)

Palmyra

camel corps of

Roman base in

Pamphylians, hoplite equipment of

pandemics

Panegyricus (Isocrates)

pan-Hellenic unity

alliances

vision of

panoply of Greek hoplite

cost of

Pantites

Parade of Daphnae (166)

Paraetacene, Battle of (317 B.C.)

Demetrius as cavalry commander at

scale of

victory of Eumenes

Park, Robert

Parke, H. W.

Parmenio

Parthian frontier

Parthians

armies of

Arsacid regime overthrown by Sasanians

cavalry of

armored

horse archers

influence on Roman equipment

and siege warfare

Tacitus on

threat to Roman empire

“Parthian shot,”

Patermuthis

Paternus, P. Taruttienus

patronage and Roman army

patterns of warfare

Paulinus, Suetonius

Paullus, L. Aemilius (229?–160 B.C.)

at Pydna

representation of equipment on monument of

Servius Galba and

during Third Macedonian War

victory monument at Delphi

Paullus, L. Aemilius (d. 216 B.C.)

Paul of Aegina

Pausanias

on Battle of Leuctra

on muscle cuirass

treatment of body of Mardonius

Pax Romana

pectorale

Peddie, J.

Peithon

Peithon son of Crateuas

Pelagonius

on cures for horses

on endemic illnesses of horses

on ideal warhorse

Pelopidas

at battle of Tegyra

commander of Sacred Band

at Leuctra

Peloponnese and mercenaries

Peloponnesian League

help from Syracuse

Spartan leadership of

Syracuse and

Peloponnesian War, Second (431–404 B.C.)

cavalry in

inability to break into fortified places during

Peloponnesian Wars

Athenian costs of naval warfare in

Athens and plague during

booty taken by Boeotians

cavalry in

combined arms warfare during

development of disciplinary systems

environmental warfare during

Gorgias on

military innovations during

psiloi during

ship-to-ship combat during

sieges during

list

peltasts

mercenaries

Thracians

poorer Athenian citizens as

social position

pentakosiarchia

Pentecontaetia, sieges during

Perdiccas

“performance culture” of Athens

Pergamum

inscription on contractual relationship between mercenaries and commanders

as Roman maritime ally

Pericles

and citizenship

and siege of Athens

use of battering rams

Peri hippikes (“On Horsemanship”) (Xenophon)

Perikeiromene (Menander)

perioikoi

peripoloi (patrollers)

Peroz (Sasanian king)

Persae (Aeschylus)

on Greek-Persian dichotomy

Persepolis Fortification Tablets

Perseus of Macedon

at Pydna

training of horses

Persia.

See also

Sasanian Persia

fleets of

triremes

Greek peace treaties with

horses from

imperialism as catalyst in warship development

as power broker in Greece after Peloponnesian War

role in Greek affairs

Persian army

Achaemenid art on

Aeschylus on

battles against Greeks

cavalry formation

Herodotus on

medium infantry

siege techniques

Persian Empire

army organization

cavalry of

infantry formation

and power of money

use of elephants in battle

war chariots

Persian invasion (480–479 B.C.)

estimates of size of

Persians, stereotype of

Persians, The (Aeschylus)

Persian warfare

Persian Wars (499–479 B.C.)

Greek success in

hoplites in

victories of Greek hoplites in

Pescennius Niger

pezhetairoi

phalangites

phalanxes

cavalry as protection of wings of

deep deployment of

development of

in Hellenistic army

decline in training of

as highly organized component

limitations and weaknesses

subdivisions

tactics used against

Homeric heroic values and

initial use of

Macedonian

mechanics of battle between

organization in battle

at Plataea

Polybius on effectiveness of

studies of

and use of sarissa

phalgarchia

Pharnabazus (Satrap of Phrygia)

admired by Xenophon

and Spartan access to timber

war chariots of

Pharsalus, Battle of (48 B.C.)

Appian on

Caesar at

Caesar on

number of men in cohorts at

Pompey at

Phaselis, siege by Cimon

Phasians

Phayallus

Phila

Philetaerus of Pergamon

Philip (Mnesimachus)

Philip III Arrhidaeus

Philip II of Macedon

Argyraspids and

arms in tomb of

army of

amount carried by soldiers

creation of phalanx

reforms

use of cavalry

Demosthenes on way of fighting of

as general

Isocrates and

pezhetairoi of

political marriages

resources of

siege warfare

siege engines

technical innovation

wounds of

eye wound

Philip V of Macedon

awareness of demographic base

edict on booty

light infantry and cavalry leading army of

military law code

Rome and

Roman treaty of 215

siege of Abydos

treaty with Hannibal in 215

Philippics (Demosthenes)

Philippus, Q. Marcius

Phillips, G.

philoi

Philon of Byzantium

advice concerning besiegers

on catapult

on hiring doctors when preparing for a siege

and psychology of the besieged

on sieges

on storage of food for besieged cities

treatises on engineering

Philopoemen

Philotas

Philotas the Augaean

Phleious, siege of (369 B.C.)

Phobos (deity of Panic Fear)

Phocaea, siege of

Phocas

Phocion

Phocylides

Phoenicia, navy of

Phoenicides

phrourarkhos

Phrynichus

phylarch

piaculum (expiation)

pilum (pila)

effect on depth of the maniple

of Imperial era

remains of

in Roman Republic

surviving examples of

use by maniples

use in Roman legion

Pindar

Piraeus, naval infrastructure at

Pisidians

Pisistratids

combined arms warfare

mercenaries of

Pisistratus

supported by Lygdamis

Placidus

plagues

brought back from Ctesiphon

spread to the enemy

plaision

Plataea, Battle of (479 B.C.)

archers in

Athenian combined arms warfare at

cavalry at

Herodotus on

number of Lacedaemonians

Persians

phalanxes at

remains from

shortage of Greek supplies at

Spartans at

burial of dead

spoils in Persian horses from

violence during

Plataea, remaining walls of

Plataea, Spartan siege of (429–427 B.C.)

fate of defeated

inventiveness during

Plato

on acts of courage

on Eastern ruler

on inner war

on internalized conflict

on military training

on war

Plautius, Aulus

Plautus

comedies of

Miles gloriosus

on Roman demand for satisfaction

Pliny the Elder

on Archagathus

on Arsacid Great King

on medicinal qualities of substances

as prefect of the Misenum fleet

on throwing missiles from horseback

on triumphs

Pliny the Younger

on Pliny the Elder

on role of soldiers

plunder

mercenaries and

Roman allies paid with

of sanctuaries by Dionysius of Syracuse

Plutammon

Plutarch

on Agesilaus’s austerity

on Antigonus and Demetrius promoting freedom for Greeks

on Apophthegmata Lakonika

on Archilochus of Paros

on Archimedes and siege of Syracuse

on arms and armor

on iron cuirass

on pilum

on shields

on Athenian triremes

on battle of Ipsus

on Battle of Lechaeum

on Battle of Leuctra

on betrayal of Eumenes

on Caesar

on Demetrius Poliorcetes

on Eumenes

on Gedrosian disaster of Alexander

on hemithorakia

on murder of Eumenes

on Phocion at Battle of Tamynae

on population of Sicilian cities

on Roman fighting at Asculum

on Solon

as source for Second Punic War

on Spartans and fear

on tithing of booty

on treatment of wounds

on war in Boeotia

poetry, archaic.

See also

Alcaeus of Lesbos (Alcaeus of Mytilene)

See also

See also

See also

See also

on Greek-barbarian dichotomy

on war

poets, Roman, on war

police force, hypaspists as

policing the battlefield

political class and military class, correlation of

political inclusion, path to in Rome

Politics (Aristotle)

politics, Hellenistic war and

Pollux

on Attic cuirass

on corselets

on hemithorakia

on Laconian dagger

on machaira

Polyaenus

on Battle of Leuctra

on hemithorakia

on spies

on tactic used against Hellenistic phalanx

Polybius

on Archimedes “iron hand,”

on arms and armor

on Gaullish swords

on pilum

Roman armor

Roman helmets

Roman panoply

on shields

Spanish sword

spearheads

on Battle of Asculum

on battle of Chios

on Battle of Cynoscephelae

on Battle of Leuctra

on Carthaginian army

mercenaries in

raids by

on cavalry

on generalship

on growth of sophistication and wealth among Greeks

on Hannibal

on Hellenistic armies

phalanx

as hostage in Rome after Pydna

influence on Livy

information about Rome during the Republic

on light infantry

on logistics

on people’s consent for war

on Po valley Gauls

on Prusias II of Bithynia

on Ptolemaic forces

on Roman army

age of troops

allied forces in

cohorts

fustuarium for sleeping on guard duty

manipular formation

payment of allies

on Roman hegemony

on Roman military traditions

on Roman readiness to adapt

on Roman treaty ceremonies

on sacrifice before battle

on sarissa phalanx

on Second Punic War

on siege of Abydos by Philip V

on triumphs of victorious commanders

on trophies

Polyclitus

Polycrates of Samos

Polyperchon

Pompey the Great

at Battle of Pharsalus

building erected by

combining Roman and Hellenistic traditions

fleet of

triumphs of

Poroi (“Ways and Means”) (Xenophon)

Porus, King of the Pauravas

post-traumatic stress disorders.

See

battlefield trauma

Potidaea

Battle of (432 B.C.)

siege of (430/429 B.C.)

pottery

German

Greek

illustrations of prisoners

representations of violence on

warships on

Slav

vase paintings on corselets

Pound, Ezra

practices of war, Demetrius Poliorcetes and

Praetorian Guard

praetors

Price, S.

principes

age of

replacing hastati

prisoners

possible medical treatment of

Roman taken by Sasanians

as sacrificial victims

Sasanians settled in agricultural regions

as source of intelligence

Pritchett, W. K.

burial of dead

Greek State at War, The

on Roman military discipline

on trophies

on war and festivals

“Private Speeches” in Athens

proconsular armies, Roman

Procopius

on battle of Callinicum

on Justinian’s spies

on Roman-Persian warfare

details on pitched battles

on Sasanian army

prodromoi

professionalization of armies

in Hellenistic armies

Roman

under Augustus

Imperial era

in late Republic

profit, as justification for war

propaganda justifying war

property and military obligations in Rome

provisioning.

See also

rations of soldiers

See also

supplies, Roman

See also

supplies of armies

of Roman army

and hunting

in Imperial era

of Xerxes’s army

Prusias II of Bithynia

Prusias of Bithynia

Pseudo-Hyginus

on duties of legions

on exploratores

Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite

on Roman-Persian warfare

on Sasanian army

Pseudo-Oppina

psiloi

psychology of war

Caesar and

elephants as psychological weapon

Livy on

Philon of Byzantium on besieged

Tacitus on

Vegetius on

warhorses

Ptolemies

adoption of Roman army system

importance of queens

mercenaries and

Greek mercenaries

use of elephants

warships of

Ptolemy I Soter

protection of soldiers’ families

Ptolemy II Philadelphus

Ctesibius of Alexandria and

as good paymaster

Ptolemy IV Philopater

at Raphia

use of elephants in battle of Raphia

Ptolemy of Mauretania, King

Ptolemy son of Lagus

Punica (Silius Italicus)

Punic War, First (264–241 B.C.)

losses in

necessity for Rome to build up fleet

revolt of Carthaginian mercenaries after

Punic War, Second (218–201 B.C.)

aims of

Carthage

Rome

battles of

Carthaginian army

manpower at beginning

strategy

errors and miscalculations

Carthaginian

Roman

impact

on Carthage

on Rome

lack of first-class general apart from Hannibal

Livy on

naval operations during

reconnaissance during

Roman army

manpower at beginning of

opening strategy

siege of Syracuse during

sources on

Spanish infantrymen

war decision after an ultimatum

Punic Wars

Roman shipbuilding during

punishment, military.

See also

discipline, military

See also

fustuarium (cudgeling to death)

discipline and

in Imperial Roman army

influence of outside factors on

of mercenaries

monetary fines

purification practices

Pydna, Battle of (168 B.C.)

army of Paullus at

beginning of

and Greece as Roman province

Paullus’s victory monument at Delphi

Pylos, Battle of (425 B.C.)

role of light infantry at

Pylos, Spartan siege of (425 B.C.)

Pyrrhus

aiding the city of Tarentum

Demetrius’s troops defecting to

innovation in infantry tactics

Roman war with

and shields of Macedonian cavalry

siege of Sparta

solving payment problems with war

on tactics

use of elephants

Pythen

Pythia’s Prophecies, The (Plutarch)

Quadi tribe

in Marcomannic Wars

quadriremes

Quadruple Alliance

quaestors

queens, importance in Hellenistic kingdoms

quinqueremes

Roman

raids

by Carthaginians

cross-border

by Huns

maritime

by Romans

Sasanian

rams

at siege of Jotapata

at siege of Plataea

at siege of Samos

use by Pericles

on warships

Rankov, N. B.

Raphia, Battle of (217 B.C.)

Egyptian soldiers at

elephants in

Greek mercenaries of Ptolemy at

numbers at

Polybius on

rations of soldiers

in Greek armies

on long campaigns

supply system

words used for

reconnaissance

along Roman limes

in border security

large-force reconnaissance

Greek

Roman

small-force reconnaissance

Greek

Roman

of terrain

Livy on importance of

recruitment, Roman

reenactments

Reilly, Charlie

relationships between states

religion.

See also

rituals of war, Greek

See also

rituals of war, Roman

Cicero on Roman

Dionysius on

of Germans at beginning of first century A.D.

Hellenistic war and

Livy on

Spartans

remedies for wounds

remuneration of soldiers

Athenian

Greek

mercenaries

Anabasis on

coinage and

Demosthenes on

Greek

military versus civilian

Ptolemy II as good paymaster

Roman

allies

in Sasanian army

of soldiers in the third century

subsistance versus wages

of the Ten Thousand

Republic (Plato)

Res Gestae (Augustus)

on closure of the shrine of Janus

on Parthians

retirement benefits for Roman veterans

revenge

as honorable Roman motive

as Roman strategic objective under Germanicus

Reveries (Maurice of Saxe)

rewards

in Macedonian army

in Roman Republican army

Reynolds, David

Rhegium

conference of Athenian generals during Sicilian Expedition

Rhine-Danube Roman frontier

Rhodes

archers from

fleet of

in Sicilian Expedition

as Roman maritime ally

slingers from

Rhodes, siege of (305/4 B.C.)

Diodorus’s narrative of

inventiveness during

military technology in

scientists at

social measures taken during

Ribemont-sur-Ancre, France

Richardson, J. H.

Richer, Nicholas

ritual, meaning in classical scholarship

rituals of war, Greek

after combat

battlefield trophy

booty

burial of the war dead

funeral speeches

sacrifice

stripping the dead

before combat

festivals preventing expeditions

military vows

oracles

purification

sacrifice

initiating combat

marching paian

rituals of war, Roman

burning of enemy arms

on campaign

dedication of spolia opima

of departing commander

fetials and

proper days for initiating fighting

returning victor

ritual preparation in March

triumphs

vows of commanders during battles

roads, Roman

placement of builders in imperial marching column

Robinson, H. Russell

on helmets

on Roman armor

Rodman, S.

Roisman, J.

Roman Emperors

assuring loyalty of the army

use of mercenaries

Roman empire.

See also

Roman Imperial era

See also

Roman Republic

benefits of being part of

declining supply of timber

equestrian rank

establishment of

foreign incursions in

growth of

impact of Second Punic War

maps of

military training in

plagues in

provinces

banditry in

economic effect of soldiers in

role of soldiers in administration of

Roman army and infrastructure of

rise of

rituals in time of peace

Sasanian raids on territories of

taxes on agricultural sector

war and peace

warfare in third century A.D.

Roman Histories (Velleius Paterculus)

Roman History (Dio)

Roman Imperial era

arms and armor

challengers to emperors

change in nature of war during

defeat and retreat

Eastern cities presence of army in

generalship during

integration of soldiers and veterans in the provinces

long wars

material evidence of warfare from

provincial administration

role of army in the provinces

relations between soldiers and civilians

siege warfare

Romanization, army and

Roman military studies

Roman-Persian warfare

historical outline

maps of

sources on

Roman Republic

armies during

arms and armor of

difficulties in tracing history of military formations and tactics during

generalship in

war and peace during

Rome (city)

adoption of hoplite equipment

population increase at end of 7th century

sack of (410)

Rome, war and warfare in

new scholarly trends

Roots of Strategy (Phillips)

Roth, J.

Rufus, Rutilius

Rufus of Ephesus

on cranial fractures

on removal of arrows

“running out,” tactic of

Ruspina, Battle of (46 B.C.)

Rustius Barbarus

Sabin, P.

Sabinus

sacramentum

Sacred Band, Theban

at Leuctra

Sacred War, First

Sacred War, Third (356–346 B.C.)

Delphi sanctuary wealth and

mercenaries in

sacrifices, Roman

and divination

at triumphs

Sacrovir, revolt of

saddles, Roman

Sakas

in Sasanian cavalry

Salamis, Battle of

Aeschylus on fighting at

Athenian fleet at

commemoration of

Greek rituals after

ship-to-ship combat

shortage of Greek supplies at

Salamis, Demetrius siege of

machinery used

Salinator, M. Livius

Salinger, J. D.

Sallust

Samnites

archaeological evidence on

in Hannibal’s army

influence on Roman fighting methods

splendor of arms of

warrior graves

Samnite Wars

Samos, siege of

Samson

sanctuaries

armies and

diplomatic efforts to protect

tithe of 10 percent of the booty at pan-Hellenic

Sandburg, Carl

Sandracottus (Chandragupta)

Sântana-de-Mures-Černjachov Culture

Santayana, George

Sappho on Lydian cavalry

Sardis, battle in

sarissa

limiting mobility of Hellenistic phalanx

Sarmatians

See also

Iazyges

horses of

influence on Roman equipment

society of

Sasanian Persia

See also

Roman-Persian warfare

administrative reorganization

captives and economic development

considered as equal by Rome

Eran versus Aneran

grand strategy of

influence on Roman equipment

military ideology of

roots of

reforms by Kavad and Kusro I

rise of

toppling of the Arsacids

Saving Private Ryan (film)

Scaeva

Scapula, P. Ostorius

scientists, Greek, and siege warfare

Scione

escaped Plataeans settled at

siege of

Scipio, L. Cornelius

Scipio, P. Cornelius (consul 218 B.C.)

Scipio, P. Cornelius Aemilianus Africanus

on decoration of shields

Velleius on

victory at Numantia

Scipio, P. Cornelius Africanus

battles in Spain

institution of training

Livy on

requisition of equipment by

Scullard on

in Second Punic War

study by Liddell Hart

tactics of

use of cohorts at Ilipa

use of non-Italians in army

use of Numidian cavalry by

at Uzita

Scipio, P. Cornelius Nasica Corculum

Sciritae

Scotland, Flavian installations

Scott, Ridley

Scullard, H. H.

sculpture

on battle of Marathon

horses on frieze of Parthenos

on lustration of Roman army

Prima Porta Augustus

Roman armor in

on Roman shield

on Sasanian cavalryman

Shapur I victory monument

scutum (shield)

effect on depth of the maniple

in Imperial era

Scythians

armored horses of

early development of cavalry

Second World War, The (Churchill)

Seleucids

adoption of Roman army system

camel cavalry of

Celt mercenaries and

expulsion from Babylonia by Parthians

and Greek mercenaries

horse archers

importance of queens

kataphraktoi

military settlements

use of elephants

use of peltasts

warships of

Seleucus I

Seleucus IV

self-control, Hellenistic generals and

self-enrichment through booty

Selinus

Sennacherib

Sentinum, Battle of (295 B.C.)

Septimius Severus (Roman Emperor)

challengers to

military pay raise

and Parthians

and siege of Hatra

Servilius Vatia, Publius

Servius Galba

Servius Tullius

Severus Alexander (Roman Emperor)

Sextus Pompeius Magnus

shame, dread of, as impetus of discipline

Shapur I (Sasanian king)

inscription at Naqsh-i-Rustam

invasions of Roman east

sack of Antioch

siege of Amida in 359

victory monuments of

Shapur II (Sasanian king)

invasion of 359

revolt of Susa under

and Roman-Persian warfare

Shay, Jonathan

shields

found at Olympia

Greek

Beotian

effectiveness of

of hoplites

introduction of two-handled hoplite

pelte

hoplon

Macedonian

cavalry

of peltasts

Roman

of cavalrymen

round

scutum

at time of Dura Europos siege

shield aprons

thureos

thyreos

Shils, Edward

shipbuilding and deforestation

shipsheds in Piraeus

cost of

shipyards

Sibyrtius, satrap of Arachosia

Sicels, hoplite equipment of

Sicily

horse raising latifundia

mercenary service in

Sicyonians

Side, Battle of (190 B.C.)

side arms

siege engines and weapons

artillery

development in Sicily

emergence of

of Batavians

of Demetrius

exotic

sieges, descriptions as small dramas

siege warfare

advances in

attacking during a festival

Caesar on importance and frequency of

camps

Delian League and

Greek

forms of

vocabulary concerning

Hannibal and

Hellenistic

maintaining social harmony in besieged cities

during Peloponnesian War

population after

on Roman Empire’s eastern frontier

of Roman Imperial era

in Roman-Persian wars

by Sasanians

Sasanians and

success rate of sieges

Vegetius on

signiferi

Silenus

Silius Italicus

cuirass description

Punica

Silures

Simonides (Athenian general)

Simonides of Ceos

Singara, Roman fortification at

single combats

Bahram Chobin in

challenges before battle of Dara

on decorated tombs

Pyrrhus in

in Sasanian art

Scipio Aemilianus in

spolia opima and

size of armies

at Battle of Gaugemala

in Battle of Ipsus

in Battle of Paraetacene

in Battle of Plataea

at Battle of Raphia

Roman

Xerxes’s expedition

skeuophoroi

skirmishes

slaves

accompanying male citizens on campaigns in Greek armies

as mercenaries

sieges and

Slavs

slingers

Balearic

in Sicilian Expedition

Smbat Bagratuni (Armenian general)

Smyrneis (Mimnermus of Smyrna)

snakebites, specialists in treatment of

snakes used in battle

Snyder, Zack

social challenges of sieges

social cohesion, concept of

Social War

Socrates

effects of war on

on environmental warfare

Soldier, The (Antiphanes)

soldiers, Roman

as citizens vested with certain important rights

complaints of

distinguished from citizens

in society

Soldiers’ Tale, The (Hynes)

Solon of Athens

“Song of Hybrias the Cretan, The,”

Sophanes

Sophocles

Sosylus

Southern, P.

Southey, Robert

South Shields (England)

Spain

horses from

impact of Second Punic War

incursions in

and Roman cavalry

Scipio Africanus in

use of cohorts in

Spaniards as Roman allies

Spanish sword

spara

Sparta, siege of (272 B.C.)

Sparta and Spartans

Acrotatus and defense of

after Athenian Sicilian Expedition

agent of mercenary recruitment

army

arming of helots

citizen soldiers in

classical

combined arms warfare

hoplites in

phalanx formation

side arms

training

cavalry

commanders

of naval forces

control of the flow of mercenaries from the Peloponnese

correlation of political class and military class

decline in citizen body

Epps on

Herodotus on

modern fascination with military regimen of

peace treaty with Persia in 412/11

penalties for cowards

and permanent warriors

Persian support of

religious practice in warfare

spies from

stance as liberators in Peloponnesian War

stand at Thermopylae

subjugation of Messenia

and Syracuse during Sicilian Expedition

Spartolus, Battle of (429 B.C.)

spatha

spear rite, Roman

spears

See also

sarissa

broken in battle

Greek

of hoplites

of the hypaspists

Latin vocabulary for

of Roman legion

of triarii

wounds created by

specialization in Greek warfare

Specimen Days (Whitman)

speculatores

fate in case of capture

speeches

Athenian on warfare

use by Tacitus

Speidel, M. P.

Spence, I.

Sphacteria, Battle of (425/4 B.C.)

fate of survivors of

Messenian helots during

Spiller, Roger

Spithridates

spoils

dedications of

displayed in triumphs

monuments built from

in Persian horses from Plataea

spolia opima

dedication of

standards, battlefield

state, war and Greek

stationarii

Statius

Statius Rufinus, Quintus

status, warfare and commanders’ personal

stereotypes

in Alexander’s speech before battle of Issus

of barbarians

corrected by archaeological research

promoted by Athens

of Persians

stones of psiloi

Strabo

on hiring of mercenaries

on horses

of the Sarmatians

Strasbourg, Battle of (A.D. 357)

strata Diocletiana

stratagem, use of word

Stratagems (Frontinus)

on discipline

mention of velites with Sulla at Orchomenus

Strategikon (Demetrius of Phalerum)

Strategikon (Maurice)

on retrieving the wounded

strategoi

strategy

Livy on importance of unity of

naval

Roman soldiers’ freedom to criticize

Strauss, B.

stripping the dead

study of war

focus on strategy and tactics

Sallust on importance of

Successors

Argyraspids and

armies of

loyalty of

lack of investment in cavalry

new Greek cities in kingdoms of

and warfare

wars of the

wages of mercenaries during

Suetonius

on Drusus

on soldiers as engineers and builders

Sulla

at Chaeronea

Sulpicius Gallus

Sun-Tzu

Suppliant Women (Euripides)

on peace

on rituals for the war dead

supplicatio

voting of a

supplies, Roman

civilian transport of

into Germania

record keeping in Imperial era

storage and protection at army bases

system

supplies of armies

alliances and

military intelligence and

surprise attacks

surveillance

along frontiers

legions and

surveyors in Roman army

suturing

Swofford, Anthony

swords

broken in battle

effect on depth of the maniple

Greek

of the hypaspists

Latin vocabulary for

Roman

of cavalry

of Imperial era

of infantry

of Roman legion

on Roman Republic

at time of Dura Europos siege

wounds created by

swordsmen

symmachoi

symmetrical warfare by Roman legions

Symposium (Plato)

Symposium (Xenophon)

syntagma

Syracuse

after Athenian Sicilian Expedition

as ally of Carthage in Second Punic War

army of

Athenian siege of

use of deep phalanx

Athens Sicilian Expedition

first battle

forces opposing

battles in

Carthaginian siege of

cavalry of

civil wars in

naval struggle in Great Harbor (413 B.C.)

Roman siege of

tyrants of

and mercenaries

and transfers of populations

war aims against Athens

Syria

invasion by Kusro I in A.D.

and Roman cavalry

Tabaristan developed by Sasanians

Tacfarinas

Tacitus

See also

Agricola (Tacitus)

See also

Annals (Tacitus)

on Civilis

on civil war of

on conditions to avoid for the Roman armies

distinguishing types of swords

on ending opposition

on environmental warfare

example of fleet action

on Germania

Germanicus’s burial of remains of Varus’s army

invasions

remains of Varus’s army in Teutoburg forest

on mutinies

on mutinous riots against Germanicus

on numbness in the aftermath of battle

on Paetus

on Paulinus

and Boudica

at first battle of Cremona

on Tiberius

on treatment of the wounded in Roman army

on value of fleet as strike force

on work in a mine

Tactica (Arrian)

tactics

of Epaminondas

at Battle of Leuctra

of Fabius Maximus Cunctator

of Hannibal

Hellenistic phalanxes and

of Huns

importance of discipline

innovations in infantry

Macedonian

naval

Pyrrhus on

Roman

first century developments

of Thebans at Delium

Tactics (Asclepiodotus)

Tactics against the Alans (Arrian).

See

Against the Alans (Arrian)

Tagus, battle at the river (220 B.C.)

Tamynae, Battle of (349/8 B.C.)

Tanagra, Battle of (458/7 B.C.)

Taochians

Tarentines

Tarentum

cavalry of

impact of Second Punic War on

Tarichaeae, seige of

Tarrant, R. J.

tax collection, Roman soldiers and

tax grain, Roman soldiers supervising weighing of

tax in kind, Roman

taxis

Taylor, I. D.

technology and sieges

Tegea appeal for Spartan assistance

tegimentum (shield cover)

Tegyra, Battle of (375 B.C.)

use of cavalry at

Telamon, Battle of (225)

Teleutias

telos (merarches)

Temple of Peace

The Ten Thousand

Teos, commanders for defense of

territorium legionis

terror

Roman campaigns of

preceding sieges

as Roman strategic objective under Germanicus

tetrarchia

tetrarchs and discipline

Teutamus

Teutoburg forest

Germanicus’ army at

Varus defeat in

Roman captives sacrificed by Germans

Teutones

thalassocracy

Thapsus, Battle of

elephants in

slaughtering of men surrendering

Theangela, siege of

Thebes

destruction of hostile surrounding neighbors

Hegemony after Leuctra

leader of the Boeotian Confederacy army

participation in Spartan siege of Plataea

phalanxes of

refusal of the Common Peace of 371 B.C.

Sacred Band of three hundred men

Themistocles

Decree of

and expansion of Athenian fleet

and naval infrastructure at Piraeus

Theocritus

Theodosian Code

Theodosius (Roman Emperor)

Theodotus

Theognis of Megara

Theophrastus

on the character of the coward

on effect of armies marching over fields

on location of good timber

Theopompus

therapontes

Thermopylae, Battle of (480 B.C.)

excavation of

festival of Carneia and

Herodotus on

Theron of Akragas

Thespiae

Thessalians

cavalry

fighting with Persians in Greek-Persian wars

horses of

as mercenaries

Thibron

recruitment of the leftover Ten Thousand

remuneration of mercenaries

Third Philippic (Demosthenes)

half-truths in

Thomas Aquinas

Thracians

cavalry in service of Rome

horse culture

peltasts

Thrasybulus

during civil war in 403

Thrasydaios of Akragas

Thrasyllus

300 (film)

The Three Thousand

Thucydides

on arming soldiers

on Athenian Sicilian Expedition

first battle with Syracuse

on Athenian triremes

on battle of Mantinea

on brutality of Peloponnesian War

on deos

on hoplites

idea of sea power

influence on Livy

on inner war

justification of war in

on men not returning home

on mercenaries

on money and war

on Peloponnesian War

on Phormio’s campaign against Spartans

on psiloi

on questions asked of Oracle at Delphi

relationship to Herodotus

on sacrifices

on shields with wicker

on Sicilian Expedition

errors in

on true intent of Athens

on siege of Plataea

on siege of Syracuse by Athenians

on sieges

as soldier appraising realities of war

on Spartan army organization

on Themistocles

on trials for cowardice after Battle of Mantinea

on tribal warriors

on trophies

on war and self-enrichment

on warships

thureophoroi

introduction by Pyrrhus

replacing phalanxes

thureos

Thurii

thyreos

Tiberius (Roman Emperor)

establishment of Rhine-Danube frontier

and Germanicus

revolt of Tacfarinas under

triumphs of

Velleius Paterculus on

Tigranocerta (Armenia)

Timander

timber

armies’ use of

forests as target of conquests

needed for fleets

supply as factor in naval strategy

Timotheus

mercenary service

Tirifates

Tissaphernes

Titus

and siege of Gamala

at siege of Jerusalem

tombstones

of Insus in Lancaster, England

representation of arms and armor on

torsion artillery

torsion catapults

towers, wheeled

trade

between German communities

between Italy and the north

long distance trade of wine

presence of soldiers and

of Sasanian Persia

train

training, military

for battle

of cavalry

See

cavalry: training

ephebeia (military training of young men)

of hoplites

of horse archers

in Macedonian army

Plato’s Republic on

Roman

reform of

by Scipio Africanus

Sasanian army

scientific

of specialists

Vegetius on

Xenophon on

Trajan (Roman Emperor)

establishment of province Dacia

and Parthians

siege of Hatra

Trajan’s Column

on environmental damage

of countryside

to forests

on fleets in Germania

on foreign auxiliaries spearheading attacks

on lustration ceremony

representation of imperial legionary on

on Romans tortured by Dacian women

as source on Roman armor

on wounds and medical care

transfrontier peoples

burial practices

east of the Rhine and north of the Upper Danube

north of the Middle and Lower Danube

Romans and

shared values and practices of warrior elites among

Trasimene, Battle of (217 B.C.)

Flaminius’s defeat at

Hannibal at

neglect of unfavorable auspices

treason, sieges and

treaties

Greek

of Athens with Sicilian cities

on ration subsidies for allied troops

on payments to soldiers

Roman

fetial ceremonies

written

Trebia, Battle of (218 B.C.)

Hannibal’s elephants at

Numidian horsemen at

triage after battles

triarii

age of

tribunes, military

tribuni celerum

tribuni militum

tribute, power of

trierarchoi

personal financial responsibilities of

trierarchus

triremes

appearance of

Athenian

chain of authority on

training

Hellenistic

Lenormant relief of

payment of rowers

Roman

triumphs

in Imperial Rome

organized outside Rome

origin of

Senate and

Trojan War.

See also

Iliad (Homer)

Euripides on

Trojan Women (Euripides)

Tropaium Traiani

representation of imperial legionary on

Truceless War

tyrants, mercenaries and Greek

Tyre

siege by Alexander (333 B.C.)

inventiveness during

missile-firing machines on ships

siege by Antigonus (314/313)

Tyrtaeus of Sparta

on aspis shield

on brutality of classical infantry battle

on infantry

on lower body wounds

on martial excellence

on military glory

on phalanx in battle

violence in

on war

Ulbert, Gunter

Ulpian

Uppåkra

urban warfare

analysis of urban battle at excavated sites

at Gamala

Uzita, Battle of

Valens (Roman emperor)

Valens, M. Vettius

Valerian (Roman Emperor)

valetudinarium (army hospital)

Valkenburg, tegimentum found at

Van Driel-Murray, Carol

van Wees, Hans

Varro, C. Terentius

at Cannae

Varro, M. Terentius

definition of armor

on fetials enacting treaties

on Gallica armor

on horses

Livy on

on spolia opima

Varus, P. Quintilius

Arminius and

defeat of

lack of military intelligence

march through Germany

supply problems

Vegetius

on camels

De Re Military

on Hunnish horse

on maintaining good conditions in camps

Veith, G.

velites

age of

deployment of

disappearance of

Velleius Paterculus

Vercingetorix

Vergil.

See

Virgil

Vergina

iron cuirass found in

spear found at

sword from royal tomb at

Versnel, H. S.

Veseris, Battle of (340 B.C.)

Vespasian (Roman Emperor)

closure of the shrine of Janus

march into Galilee

compared to Arrian’s march in Cappadocia

second battle of Cremona

siege of Gamala

siege of Jotapata

veterans, Roman

land grants to

retirement benefits

in society

vexillations

victors, grand gestures of

Vindolanda writing tablets

Virgil

on acts of courage

armor description

on battlefield trauma

portrait of Aeneas the general

sensitivity to traumas of war

on war and violence

writing included in Men at War

Vitellius (Roman Emperor)

battlefield tour

march on Rome

Vitruvius

vocabulary

for mercenaries

for payments in kind or cash

Vologeses, Parthian king

Volusenus

vows

Greek military before combat

of Roman commanders during battles

wages of soldiers.

See

remuneration of soldiers

wagons of the armies

limits on use of

Walbank, Frank W.

on epistrophai

Waldgirmes

Wallsend

war, Roman votes for

War against Catiline (Sallust)

War against Jugurtha (Sallust)

War and the Poet (Eberhart and Rodman)

war chariots

reintroduction in Hellenistic warfare

as troop transport

used for Roman triumphs

warfare.

See also

naval warfare

as highest of civilized arts

importance for Sarmatians

lack of interest in technical aspects in Roman manuals

warfare, environmental

warfare, Hellenistic

as continued development to previous warfare

and creation of kings

scale and frequency of

warhorses

armor

leather

care of

feeding

health hazards

ideal

Moorish

Osrhoenian

psychology

sex of chargers

tack

War of Catiline, The (Sallust)

warrior ethos.

See

military ethos

warships.

See also

Liburnians

See also

quinqueremes

See also

triremes

development

Greek

hulls of

mounting of missile-firing machines on

quadriremes

Roman

soldiers as personnel on

water supply

interference with enemy’s supply

in Sasanian defensive systems

wealth

association with the East

military command and

Roman military service tied to

weapons.

See also

See also

See also

See also

See also

See also

See also

deposits

German

Greek

effectiveness of

of the hypaspists

of Iron Age Gauls

Roman

and inferences about military techniques

similarities between Germanic and Roman armies

used for both hunting and war

Weber, Max

weight

of armor

of breastplate

carried by hoplites

carried by pack horse

of greaves

of helmets

of hoplite shield

of pilum

of projectiles hurled by siege machines

of sarissa

of scutum

of spearheads

of swords

Weiler, Roman helmet found at

Weisenau, helmet from

Western Way of War, The (Hanson)

We were soldiers once … and young (Moore and Galloway)

Wheeler, E. L.

Whitman, Walt

Wiesehöfer, Josef

Williams, William Carlos

Wilmanns, J.

women

importance of queens in Hellenistic kingdoms

role in Hellenistic time

in urban combat

Woodhead, Arthur Geoffrey

Works and Days (Hesiod)

wounded, treating the

drinking cup illustrating

in Greek armies

in Rome

sources of information on

wounds

dressings

of horses

types of

Xanten (Vetera), legionary fortress of

Xanthippus

Xanthus, siege of (42 B.C.)

xenoi

Xenophanes of Colophon

Xenophilus

Xenophon

on Agesilaus

on sale of captives by

on arms and armor

Chalybian linen corselets

corselets of cavalry force

cuirass for horsemen

ideal helmet

on pelte shield

on shields

sword

on thigh guards for horsemen

on Athenian civil war of 403

on battlefield trauma

on Battle of Leuctra

on Battle of Mantinea

biography of Clearchus

on cavalry

Athenian

Persian

on Chalybian heavy infantry

on discipline and good order

on diversion of the Euphrates

on Eastern ruler

on generalship

on horses

care of

on gelding vicious warhorses

ideal warhorse

use of muzzles

on hunting as training in the art of war

leading the Ten Thousand

Liddell Hart compared to

on machaira

on mercenaries

daily remuneration

ex-slaves

importance of networks of relationships

on military leadership

on Persian saddlery

on place of doctors in marching order of Spartan army

on reconnaissance

scouts disguised as brigands

on sacrifice before battle

on Sciritae

on scythed chariots

on sieges

on Spartan army organization

speech to the army after Cunaxa

on spies

Symposium

on the Ten Thousand

on training of army

on training of cavalry

on trophies

on use of Democrates son of Temnus as scout

on wagons

on war and peace

on wounds

Xerxes

Aeschylus on

estimates of numbers in expedition

Herodotus on

mutilation of body of Leonidas

provisioning of army during invasion of Greece in 480/79

xiphos

xyston (lance)

xystophoroi.

See

cavalry: Macedonian

Yazdgard II (Sasanian king)

Yazgard III (Sasanian king)

Yonge, Charlotte

Young, Neil

Zakeri, Mohsen

Zama, Battle of (202 B.C.)

elephants at

horses and

land grants to Roman veterans of

Livy on

maniples of triarii at

Scipio Africanus at

use of Numidian cavalry by Romans

Zenobia, queen

Zobel, James

Zoilus

Zonaras

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