Index

Page references to Figures or Tables will be in italics, while references to Endnotes will be followed by the letter ‘n’ and note number.

Abbate, Lirio681n61

abortion law288, 299, 459, 471, 472–3

absentee estates, compulsory division (1944)57–8

AC Milan soccer club396

Acanfora, Paolo425–39, 437n10, 437n11, 437n23

accommodation policy168, 213, 214

Acerbo electoral law271

Acheson, Dean685

Achille Lauro hijack (1985)692

ACI (Alliance of Italian Cooperatives)558–9, 564

Acquaviva, Gennaro391n14, 392n15, 392n18, 392n20, 392n29

Action Party91, 258, 305, 457

Adalberto666n10

Adinolfi, Roberti664

Adowa, Battle of (1896)21

Adventist Church440, 447

Aga-Rossi, E.356n51

AGCI (cooperative)555, 557, 559

AGCOM (agency for telecommunications)167

agenda management, parliamentary110–11

Agip (Italian Oil Agency)358, 359, 480

Agnelli, Gianni5–6, 364
and Mattei358–67

Agnelli, Giovanni481–2

Agnew, John237n33, 238n41

Agosti, Aldo194n1, 266n12, 282n55, 341–57

agriculture57, 164, 369, 529, 534, 639
“opening to the left” transition271, 275
and Southern Italy55, 57

Ainis, Michele552n10

Alacevich, Michele66n12

Albanese, Jay S.678n1

Alberigo, Giuseppe417, 424

Alberoni, Francesco195n24, 195n30, 573, 579, 581n21

Albertazzi, D.238n55

Albertine Statute (Statuto Albertino)42, 257, 445

Alberto, King Carlo445

Albranese, Antonio577

Alesina, Alberto526n4

Alfa Romeo car production plant, Pomigliano d’Arco479

Alfano, Angelino405

Alfano, Lodo128

Alfieri, Carlo27

Aliboni, Roberto708–19, 719n12

Alliance of Italian Cooperatives (ACI)558–9, 564

alliances, multiparty149

Allievi, Stefano452n16

Allotti, Pierluigi438n29

Allum, Felia66n25

Allum, Percy66n25, 182n14, 183n36

Almirante, Giorgio213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 257

Almond, Gabriel622, 629n12, 706n8

Altissimo, Renato247, 313

Amato, A.580n6

Amato, Giuliano71–81, 93, 95–6, 100, 112, 182n21, 205, 305, 314, 315, 448, 510, 715
Amato I Government (1992–93)125, 203, 209n13, 494
Amato II Government (2000–01)109, 170n19

Ambrosini, Maurizio644n25

Amendola, Giorgio374

Amendola, Giovanni456

Ammendola, Teresa707n24

Ammor, Fouad719n12

Amusing Ourselves to Death (Postman)578

AN (National Alliance) See National Alliance (AN)

Anania, Francesca580n1

ANCC (National Association of Consumer Cooperatives)561

ANCD (National Retailers Association of Cooperatives)561

Ancient Rome19

Anderlini, F.183n30

Anderson, Benedict605n5

Andreatta, Nino519

Andreotti, Giulio (Prime Minister)34, 47, 88, 91, 110, 307, 355n25, 372, 378, 385, 419, 428, 441, 448, 577, 661, 677
background/career379–80
and Christian Democratic Party174, 177, 179
and Craxi305, 378–93
and Mafia393n36, 673, 680n27
steady progress as leader379–82
and Tangentopoli investigations, Milan379
terms of office382, 680n27

Angelini, Cardinal Fiorenzo417

ANM (judicial association)122

anomalies, Italian403–5

anti-austerity protests653–4

anti-establishment sentiment149, 226, 227

anti-Mafia62, 321–2n1, 676–8

anti-war protests651, 655n17

Apostolic Church, Italy440

Aquarone, Alberto52n13, 250n2

Arab–Israeli War (1967)710

Arab–Israeli War (1973)711

Arafat, Yasser378, 389

Arisi, Claudia501n13

Arlacchi, Pino679n12

Asor Rosa, Alberto592n1, 605n6

Assemblies of God in Italy440, 447, 448

Association for Cultural Freedom457

Association for Demographic Education457

Association for the Defense and Development of Public Schools457

Association for the Industrial Development of Southern Italy (SVIMEZ)59, 63, 66n23, 680n48

Atlantic Alliance and Italy363, 381, 383, 385, 685–96, 699, 708
from 1949–1963686–8
from 1960s to 1970s689–91
from 1980s to end of Cold War691–3
Atlantic Pact209n6
and industrial development479, 480
post-Cold War period693–4

Atlanticism690, 691, 692, 695

Auci, E.322n11

austerity measures513
anti-austerity protests653–4
Berlinguer speech (1977)371

Austria54, 77

autarchy (national economic self-sufficiency)56

authoritarian regimes90–1, 96, 659

Avdagic, Sabina501n11

Azara, Antonio121

Azione Cattolica46

Azzolini, Davide644n28

Baccaro, Lucio517n17

Baccetti, Carlo183n42, 195n35

Bachelet, Vittorio418

backlash phenomenon662

badanti (female labor)470, 474

Badini, Antonio719n8

Bagasco, Arnaldo66n20

Bagehot, Walter107, 116

Baget, Gianni251n16, 436

Bagnasco, Angelo422

Bagnasco, Arnaldo169n13

Bairoch, P.13n4

Baldassarri, Delia156n23

Baldini, Gianfranco173–83

Ballestrero, Anastasio420

Ballini, Pier Luigi280n11

Banfield, Edward169n1, 613, 619n16

Bank of Italy277, 518–27
and cooperatives564n7
and Economic Monetary Union518, 522–5, 527n17
independence of Bank prior to, building up518–20
policies promoted by Bank prior to520–2
exchange rate policy521, 523
external economic policy restraints used by521
Law on Savings523, 524
Research Department522

banks481, 521, 523, 556, 564n7

Banti, Alberto Mario19–20, 25n7, 25n9, 605n10

Barbacetto, Gianni322n2

Barbagallo, Francesco65n1, 66n9, 280n13, 281n48, 356n53, 375n3, 377n19

Barbagli, Marzio190, 195n31, 476n3, 642n1

Barbieri, Paolo643n11

Barca, Fabrizio593n19

Barca, Luciano375n5, 375n12, 375n15, 377n17

Barcelona Conference (1995)715

Bardi, Luciano52n27, 142n16, 142n20, 183n32, 237n21, 629n12

Bari, city of211, 213

Barnes, Samuel H.156n21

Bartali, Roberto666n17

Bartolini, Stefano52n11, 52n26, 194n4

Barucci, Paolo64

Baschieri, Gastone80n10

Basevi, Alberto559

Basilicata province, land reclamation projects55

Bassanini, Franco100, 166, 170n19, 170n20, 170n28

Basso, Lelio80n7

Battilani, Patrizia564n6, 565n18

Battini, Francesco106n17

Baudner, Joerg170n16

Baumol, William J.484, 637, 643n16

Beccaria, Cesare595

Bechelloni, Giovanni593n29

Beck, Paul Allen156n21

Belgium108

Bell, John130n7

Belligni, S.323n39

Bellucci, Paolo184–96, 406n11, 406n12

Belpoliti, M.581n25

Benda, Julien598

Benedetti, Arrigo245

Benedetto, Giacomo706n9

Benedict XVI, Pope411, 422, 423

Benigni, Roberto79, 81n21

Benvenuto, Giorgio313

Berlin Wall, fall of87, 125, 184, 191, 231, 497, 653

Berlinguer, Enrico34, 39n20, 49, 190, 294n5, 295n13, 300, 368, 574, 603, 689, 700
austerity speech (1977)371
and Historic Compromise284, 285, 286, 287, 293, 383
and Moro34, 368–77

Berlusconi, Silvio12, 35, 49, 92, 96, 104, 126, 141, 485, 489n5, 550, 553n21, 653
anti-Berlusconi movements237n12
background/career395–6
Berlusconi I Government (1994)92, 146, 220, 332, 402, 421, 510
Berlusconi II Government (2001–05)103, 109, 166, 232, 307n1, 334
Berlusconi III Government (2005–06)401
Berlusconi IV Government (2008–11)110, 154, 334, 399
and bipolarism327, 328–9, 329, 331
as Cavaliere96, 102, 104, 395
and classe dirigente11–12
and conflict of interests88–9, 616
crimes accused of317–20, 404–5, 616, 617
and five-party governing coalition (pentapartito)303–4
founding of Forza Italia (1994)149, 227
government performance400–3
international performance401–2
investigation of126, 127, 128
leadership/managerial style102, 104, 399
legacy for Italian politics405
and liberalism247, 248–9
and media569, 591
Mediterranean policy714, 717, 718
Mussolini compared575
outsiders and insiders395–7
and parliament109, 110
personality102, 575
and Prodi394–406
and Southern Italy63, 64, 65

Bernabei, Ettore183n39

Bernardi, Emanuele368–77, 375n5

Bernardi, Luigi516n10

Bernardini, Giovanni391n13

Berruti, Massimo319

Bersani, Pier Luigi50, 402–3

Berta, Giuseppe478–90, 527n8

Bertagnoni, Giuliana565n18

Bertani, Agostino454

Berti, Giampietro250n9

Bertolino, Simone337n11

Bertone, Tarciso422, 422–3

Betori, Giuseppe421

Bettazzi, Luigi371, 417

Bettio, Francesca477n22

Betz, Hans-Georg238n52

Bevacqua, Stefano295n22

Biagi, Marco495, 664

Bicameral Commission111, 117

bicameralism157n28

Biffi, Giacomo420, 421

bilateralism, in twenty first century716–17

Biondi, Alfredo319

Biorcio, Roberto238n43

bipolarism92, 105, 186, 325–38, 375n4, 400
crisis and change334–6
electoral systems137, 138
First Republic (1948–92)333
and fragmentation149, 336, 337n7
government and opposition332–4
index of327
limited140
majoritarian politics328–31
and parliament109, 110
peripheral turnover332
polarized pluralism145, 325, 334–6
Second Republic, birth of326–8

Black terrorism227, 290

Blackmer, Donald L. M.194n3, 195n16

Blangiardo, Gian Carlo643n7, 643n19

Blasberg, Christian251n13

Blossfeld, Hans-Peter643n11

Blumler, Jay593n22

Boato, Marco449

Bobbio, Norberto248, 250n3, 600–1, 602, 606–7n28

Bodei, Remo607n33

Boffo, Dino421, 422

Boldrini, Marcello359

Bollati, Giulio37

Bologna railway bombing (1980)211–12, 290

Bonaccorsi di Patti, Emilia681n50

Bonaparte, Napoleon See Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte)

Bongiorno, Mike579

Bonino, Emma88, 210n20, 626, 698

Bonino-Pannella List208

Bonoli, Giuliano473, 477n25

Bonomi, Ivanoe242, 346

Bonomi, Paolo557

Bordignon, Fabio237n16

Bordogna, Lorenzo539n5

Borrelli, Francesco Saverio314, 318

Borsellino, Paolo (judge)62, 323n35, 388, 676

Bortoli, Ferruccio de6

Bosco, Anna156n13, 337n10, 628n9

Bossi, Umberto319
and populism224, 228, 229, 230, 233, 235
and Tangentopoli investigations, Milan316, 317

Bouchard, Martin678n2

Bouek, F.183n24

Bourbon dynasty, Naples17, 54, 65

Bozzi, Aldo247

Bozzo, Gianni-Badget417–18

Brancaleone (newspaper)432, 433

Brescia massacre657, 659

Bretton Woods system, end of163, 369

Briquet, Jean-Louis719n11

Brogi, Alessandro695n6

Broglio, Francesco Margiotta451n1

Brunazzo, Marco707n21, 707n22

Brunetta, G. P.581n12

Brzezinski, Zbigniew364

Buddhism442, 448

Budge, Ian156n8, 194n9

Bufacchi, Vittorio252n29, 337n5

Buffa, Gaspare429

Bull, Martin J.15n30, 170n16, 296–308

Bundy, McGeorge691

Buonasorte, Nicla267n23

bureaucracy159–70
Anglo-Saxon tradition168
Continental state tradition168
Europeanization pressure160, 164–5
in fascist period162
illusionary reforms167–70
institutional reforms165–7
macroeconomic intervention163, 165
“parallel bureaucracies”168
and patronage163, 166, 167
and professions543–4
public administration160, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167
reforms160
in twentieth century
1960s163
1970s163–4
1980s164–5
1990s165–7
from unification to the present160–1

Burgess, Simon252n29, 337n5

Burns, Nancy629n11

Bush, George W.419, 694, 715

Buttiglione, Rocco702

cabinets, instability95

Cacace, Paolo718n1

Cachafeiro, Margarita Gómez-Reino237n22

Caciagli, Mario182n22, 183n36, 337n8, 630n29

CAF (Craxi-Andreotii-Forlani) axis302, 305

Cafagna, Luciano30, 39n7, 39n17, 52n18

Cafaro, Pietro565n12, 565n20

Caffarena, Anna719n11

Cafferata, R.183n33

Cagliari, Gabriele314, 315

Cairoli, Benedetto455

Calabresi, Luigi657

Calabrian ’Ndrangheta See ’Ndrangheta, Calabrian

Calamandrei, Piero (jurist)91, 96

Calasso, R.581n14

Calderoli, Roberto140, 331

Calise, Mauro52n29, 95–106, 105n5, 105n10, 105n12, 106n20, 106n29, 118n4

Camera dei Deputati (lower Chamber)134, 135

Cammarano, Fulvio250n4

camorra, Neapolitan (criminal subculture)55, 61, 181, 668, 669–70, 672, 673, 675, 677

Campana, Paolo680n45

Campus, Donatella338n23, 621–31

Canale 5 (television channel)395

Canavero, A.356n42

Cancellieri, Anna Maria630n41

Candeloro, Giorgio39n6

Canosa, Romano295n26

Canovan, Margaret236n1

Capano, Giliberto169n4

Capecchi, Vittorio142n2, 593n18

capital, free movement521

capitalism7, 484
“Fourth Capitalism”560

Capozzi, Eugenio250n9, 251n19

Capperucci, Vera267n24, 436n3, 436n4

Caprara, Gianvittorio631n45

Caracciolo, L.183n28

Carboni, Carlo7, 14n16, 14n17, 14n18, 14n20
liberal and licensed professions541–53, 552n2, 552n5, 552n6

Cardini, Antonio250n3, 251n17

Cardoza, Anthony L.16–25, 25n2

Carducci, Giosuè26, 455

Carey, John M.105n14

Carli, Guido277, 281n51, 305, 388, 390, 392n34, 483–4, 520, 527n10

Carnevale, Corrado677

Carocci, Giampiero39n21

Carosello (container program)571

Carrieri, Mimmo540n8

Carter, Jimmy288, 364, 381, 690

Carter, Nick25n3

Cartocci, Roberto237n31

Casali, Antonio564n6

Casaroli, Agostino419, 420

Casella, Mario438n33

Cassese, Sabino80n19, 99, 100, 105n13, 170n18, 517n12

Castronovo, Valerio358–67, 366n1, 565n15

Catania, city of180, 211, 213

Catanzaro, Raimondo643n17, 656, 665n1

Catholic Action (AC), Civil Committees431, 432, 434, 457

Catholicism19, 255, 354n16, 424
aftermath of April 18 1948431–4
Catholic right425–39
and Christian Democratic Party173, 175
consul Dei410–11
dialogue with socialists434–6
hierarchy See hierarchy, Catholic
institutional question and national reconciliation426–31
and religious diversity447
and Risorgimento17, 20

Cattaneo, Carlo241, 242, 454, 455, 596

Cau, M.354n9, 355n38

Cavallotti, Felice454

Cavazza, Nicoletta624, 629n24, 630n28, 630n31

Cavour, Count Camillo Benso di17, 18, 29–30, 446, 453, 454, 455

Cazzola, Franco136, 142n15

Cazzola, Giuliano517n13

CCC (Consorzio Cooperative Costruzioni)561

CdM See Council of Ministers (CdM)

Ceccanti, Stefano137, 142n14, 143n22

Ceccarini, Luigi156n13, 237n16

Censis (Social Investment Study Centre)490n7

Center-Left246, 299, 369, 460, 461, 471, 617
birth of275–6
and Christian Democratic Party272–3
government and prime minister104, 105
governments (1963–68)276–82
Mediterranean and Italy715–16
Olive Tree (center-left coalition)329, 333, 394, 397, 512
“opening to the left” transition268
transformism33
and United States274–5

Center-North467, 468

Center-Right11, 79, 460, 461
coalition716–17
families471, 473
labor market policy495

Cento Bull, Anna238n37, 238n40, 238n47, 656–67

centrism
and Christian Democratic Party175, 260–1
of De Gasperi352, 369, 435
Northern League235
transformism26, 27, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38

Ceron, A.324n42

Cesareo, Vincenzo451n4

CESPE (PCI-related think tank)190

CGIL (General Confederation of Labor)429, 495, 498, 529, 532
“Eur document” (1978)536

Chalaby, Jean583–93, 592n5

Chamber of Deputies141, 352, 374, 455
and bipolarism326, 329
and Catholic hierarchy413–14
and parliament97, 108, 110, 111, 115, 117

Chang, E. C. C.323n25

charisma176

Charles Albert, King42

Cheli, Enzo80n3

Chemers, Martin M.14n19

Chiaramonte, Alessandro143n24, 143n30, 143n31, 143n37, 143n39, 157n32, 157n35, 158n47, 338n33

Chiaromonte, Nicola457

Chiesa, Mario309, 310–11

Chiesi, A. M.322n10

children’s rights472, 474

Christian Democratic Center (CCD)328

Christian Democratic Party (DC)33, 60, 95, 104, 147, 149, 173–83, 185, 401, 430, 557, 570, 709
bureaucracy162, 163
and Center-Left solution272–3
centrism175, 260–1
Clean Hands investigation180, 182n21
and Constituent Assembly175, 257, 258
corruption149, 181, 182n21
and courts121, 124
dissolution (1994)173
and electoral systems135, 136
factionalism of175–7, 181, 182n21, 209n12, 262–3
hegemonic period (1946–63)173, 255–67
continuous office, post-war period145, 146, 174
as party of government, with no alternatives174–5
ideology176–7
and Italian Communist Party34, 45, 46, 75, 136, 152, 173, 180, 184, 185, 186, 201, 204, 262–3, 300, 368–9, 373, 375n13, 613
and Italian Constitution72–3, 77, 78–9
and Italian Social Movement (MSI)175, 177, 263
and mediation173, 175, 178, 181
name change to Partito Popolare Italiano34, 43
and parliament108, 116
and partitocracy45, 46, 47, 52n25
resources47, 174
and Risorgimento23, 24
shifting balance between Church, state and society178–80

Christian Evangelical Baptist Union of Italy440

Church, Catholic10, 18, 46, 73, 129, 262, 274, 440, 449, 506
families/gender equality472, 475

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints440

Ciaglia, Antonio593n12

Ciampi, Carlo Azeglio (President, 1999–2006)63, 82, 88, 93, 170n18, 315, 494, 521, 715

Ciancimino, Massimo680n29

Ciasca, Raffaele65n6

Ciccarello, Elisa680n33

Cicognani, Amleto Giovanni415

CIG work allowance schemes492, 494, 495, 501n5

cinema and television569–82
advent of television in 1954571
Canale 5 (television channel)395
and electioneering570–3
hegemonic role of television604
limitations for political parties572
limitations of television for political parties572
new media and television572–3
politicians as celebrities573–5
politics and entertainment578–9
print press and television589
representation of politics in575–8

Ciocca, Pierluigi527n9

Cippico, Edward P.414

Cipriani, Roberto440–53

CISL (Italian Confederation of Workers’ Trade Unions)529–30

Citaristi, Severino312

Civic Choice157n44, 335, 424

The Civic Culture (Almond and Verba)622, 629n12

Civil Committees431, 432, 434, 457

civil law countries120

civil liberties (individual freedoms)73, 74, 75

Civiltà Cattolica429

Civiltà Italica427, 429

Clark, Martin39n16, 280n2

classe dirigente (ruling class) See ruling class

Clean Hands investigations87, 129, 219, 228, 309, 379, 561
and Christian Democratic Party180, 182n21
and courts125, 126, 129
and liberalism248–9

clientelism163, 180, 317, 613
partitocracy43, 47
transformism27, 31, 38

Clinton, Bill403, 715

CLN (National Liberation Committee)71, 226, 242, 256

CNEL (National Council for Economics and Labor)547

coalitions108, 166, 219, 616
center-right716–17
Destra Storica29, 36, 133
electoral systems133, 138, 140
Olive Tree (Center-Left)329, 333, 394, 397, 512

Cofrancesco, Dino250n11

Colaprico, Piero322n24

Colarizi, Simona252n26, 282n58, 392n19

Cold War11, 72, 121, 184, 198, 244, 261, 375n4
Atlantic Alliance and Italy688
from 1980s to end of Cold War691–3
following Cold War693–4
end of48, 164, 320, 388, 572, 712, 714
party systems, post-World War II Italy145, 148
and Risorgimento16, 19, 23–4
Mediterranean autonomy and Atlantic orthodoxy (1940s to 1970s)708–11
Mediterranean policy710, 711

Cold War Manichaeism600, 601

Coldiretti (Catholic organization of farmers)557

collateralism and cooperative legislation557–60

collegiality principle193, 416, 524

collusive capitalism484

Colombo, Asher642n1, 643n4, 643n17

Colombo, Emilio272–3

Colombo, Gherardo309

Colombo, Sabrina501n11

Cominelli, Lucrezia696n14

Comintern school, Moscow343

commis-d’Etat95

Committee of National Liberation (CLN)71, 226, 242, 256

common good41

“Common Good” alliance335

Common Man (Uomo Qualunque)58, 226, 228, 243
Common Man’s Front (Fronte dell’Uomo Qualunque)258, 430, 456

Communist Party, Italian See Italian Communist Party (PCI)

Communist Refoundation Party (PRC)109, 154
and bipolarism328, 331, 333

Community Movement481

Compagna, Francesco458

Compagna, Luigi250n8

Compromesso Storico See Historic Compromise (Compromesso Storico)

CONAD (Italian retail store brand)561

concorsi (open public competitions)166

Confagricoltura (farmers’ federation)370

Confalonieri, Fedele395

Confcooperative557, 558, 559, 562

confidence votes114

Confindustria (Federation of Italian Industry277, 370, 482, 489n4

Congregation for the Oriental Churches411

Congress for Cultural Freedom457

Connubio (union)29–30

conservative transformism31–2

Consiglio dei Ministri See Council of Ministers (CdM)

Conso, Giovanni314

consociational democracy97

consociativism27, 180

Constituent Assembly78, 90, 96, 117, 121, 130, 135, 185, 226, 243, 349, 369, 456
and Christian Democratic Party175, 257, 258
and Italian Constitution71, 72, 73

Constitution, Italian71–81, 88, 92, 209n18, 412–13, 471
Articles71, 73, 75, 76, 112
civil liberties (individual freedoms)73, 74, 75
and courts121, 128
decrees, ruling by72, 79, 80n4, 80n5, 111
and democracy76–7
drafting259
economic relations75–6
ethical-social relations74–5
and Fascism73, 175
founding fathers75
judiciary77–8
Part I74–7
Part II77–8
Title I74
Title II74–5
Title III75–6
Title IV76–7
Title V77, 78

Constitutional Court74, 75, 112, 121–2, 123, 127, 128, 129, 141, 447, 571

constitutional review121

consul Dei410–11

Conti, Nicolò197–209, 707n26

contraception471

conventio ad excludendum (party agreement to exclude PCI from office)33, 97, 260, 302

Cooke, Philip666n15, 667n20

Coop Italia561

cooperative movement554–65
collateralism and cooperative legislation557–60, 563
consortia561–2, 564n9
construction cooperatives556, 561
consumers’ cooperatives561
farmers’ cooperatives557
and financial crisis563–4
Italian political structure and cooperatives562–3
networks560–2
social cooperatives556, 564n8
Third Sector565n16
umbrella organizations555, 557

coordinating programs80n15

co-payments (tickets)509

Coppola, Franco322n18

Corbetta, Piergiorgio52n30, 190, 194n6, 194n11, 195n31, 237n15, 295n35, 338n31
on women in politics624, 629n24, 630n28, 630n31

Corbino, Epicarmo80n7

Cordero de Montezemolo, Luca6

Corni, Gustavo266n13

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), Transparency International9, 610

corruption/bribery29, 86, 165–6, 199, 203
anti-bribe troika309
Christian Democratic Party (DC)149, 181, 182n21
Eurobarometer research611
explanations of Italian corruption612–15
hard data611
parliamentary immunity from prosecution129–30, 312, 318
and public ethics608–20
reputation of Italy for corruption609–12
responses to615–18
and social movements653
“sunshine laws”618
survey evidence611
Tangentopoli period (to early 1990s) See Tangentopoli (Bribery City) investigations, Milan

Cosa Nostra, Sicily668, 669–70, 671, 672, 674, 675, 677

Cossiga, Francesco (President, 1985–92)35, 82, 87, 91, 94, 307

Cossutta, Armando338n24

Cotta, Maurizio30, 39n8, 41–52, 52n28, 118n2, 118n3, 182n4, 194n7, 237n27, 338n20, 338n21, 707n25

Cotta, S.51n4

Council of Europe, Group of States against Corruption609

Council of Ministers (CdM)95, 96, 99, 100, 105n1

Court of Cassation120, 121, 122, 123, 129, 130n6, 405n5

courts11, 120–31
and Clean Hands investigation125, 126, 129
crisis of 1992125–6
first-instance123
judicial independence121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 129
judicial organization and change120–3
judicialization of politics in First Republic123–4
judicialization of politics in Second Republic126–8
and media125–6
relationship with politics in Italy128–30
subordinate role of120–1

Covatta, Luigi392n15, 392n29

Crainz, Guido66n30, 267n22, 281n44, 282n65

Crapis, G.581n15

Craveri, Piero250n9, 356n44, 391n4, 392n34

Craxi, Bettino (Socialist secretary)34, 86, 87, 201, 205, 218, 247, 300, 318, 334, 385, 391n12, 392n36, 395, 420, 447, 459, 575, 692
and Andreotti305, 378–93
background/career382–3
biography by Pini391n12
cabinets of102–3, 203, 209n13
five-party governing coalition (pentapartito)296, 302–4, 306
and Historic Compromise286, 291, 293
and intellectuals603, 607n34
Mediterranean policy711, 713, 714
modernization attempts392n19
and Moro affair291–2, 392n15
as socialist rising star382–4
and Tangentopoli investigations, Milan310, 312, 313, 315, 379

Craxi, Bobo310

Cremasco, Maurizio719n7

Crenshaw, Martha666n19

Crepas, Attilio432–3

Crimean War (1853–56)17

Criscitiello, Annarita105n15

Crispi, Francesco28–9, 30, 55, 162, 455
conservative transformism of31–2
as President of Council (1887)28

Croatia390

Croce, Benedetto28, 37, 39n2, 55, 80n7, 222, 456, 458, 599, 606n22
and liberalism242, 245, 248

Cuccia, Enrico13n8, 360

Cukierman, Alex526n2

Cusani, Sergio (trial of)316, 317, 318

Cutolo, Raffaele61

Cvajner, Martina643n5, 643n18

d’Aci, Stefano Reggio429, 431

D’Alema, Massimo50, 100, 333, 397, 448, 694
D’Alema I Government (1998–99)35, 109, 170n19, 494
D’Alema II Government (1999–2000)170n19
Mediterranean policy715, 717

D’Alimonte, Roberto52n26, 143n24, 143n30, 143n31, 158n49, 337n7

Dalla Chiesa, General Carlo Alberto61, 677

Dalla Costa, Elia412

Dalla Zuanna, Gianpiero644n27

Dalton, Russell J.156n21

D’Amato, Antonio485

d’Ambrosio, Gerardo309

D’Amico, Renato142n17

Damilano, Marco252n27

Daniels, Philip307n7

D’Antone, Leandra64, 66n27

D’Apice, Carmela280n18

Dastoli, Pier Virgilio707n28

Dau Novelli, Cecilia281n43

Davide, Leone66n24

Davidsson, Jonan Bo501n12

Davigo, Piercamillo309

Davis, John A.25n4, 53–67

Day of Memory (2007)664

d’Azeglio, Massimo159, 596

DC See Christian Democratic Party (DC)

De Benedetti, Carlo397

De Caprariis, Vittorio458

De Felice, Franco695n8

De Felice, Renzo213, 280n15, 281n42, 281n52

De Felice, Roberto606n19

De Filippo, Eduardo697

De Francesco, Antonino250n1

De Gasperi, Alcide (Prime Minister)33, 58, 72, 80n7, 84, 177, 209n13, 261, 265n1, 355n27, 379, 382, 415, 425, 437n25, 581n20, 686, 698, 708, 711
background/career256, 342–3
and Catholic hierarchy412, 413, 415
and Catholic right427, 428, 431, 433, 434, 435, 436
centrism of352, 369, 435
and Christian Democratic Party173, 175, 176, 177, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260, 261
and crisis of January-February 1947269, 356n42, 356n45
and liberalism243, 244
and Togliatti341–57, 354n10, 355n28, 355n29, 355n32, 356n50

De Gaulle, Charles (General)91, 226, 271, 275, 436, 690

De Gregorio, Sergio404

De Lorenzo, Giovanni278, 317

De Luna, Giovanni66n30, 250n10

De Lutiis, Giuseppe662, 666n18

De Marchi, Luigi457

De Maria, Giovanni80n5

De Marsanich, Alfredo213

De Marsanich, Augusto257

De Martino, Francesco201

De Michelis, Gianni312, 388, 390, 713

De Mita, Ciriaco87, 176, 311, 387, 397, 448
and five-party governing coalition (pentapartito)299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 305

De Ruggiero, Guido249n1

De Sanctis, Francesco27, 455, 596, 605n11, 606n13

De Sio, Lorenzo157n39, 158n49

De Vaus, David623, 629n25

De Winter, Lieven238n35

decentralization204

decrees72, 79, 80n4, 80n5, 441
and parliament111, 112, 113
“Rescue Italy” (2011)513

degli Occhi, Cesare429

Degl’Innocenti, Maurizio280n6, 281n45

Del Monte, A.620n17

Del Pero, Mario183n26, 281n31, 685–96, 699

Del Re, Alisa628n2, 629n10, 630n34

delegated legislation100

Della Loggia, Galli Ernesto26, 34, 39, 39n1, 39n17, 39n22, 590, 603

Della Peruta, Franco605n9

Della Porta, Donatella289–90, 295n25, 322n5, 322n6, 322n8, 323n26, 323n40, 614, 620n19, 645–55
on corruption614–15, 617, 620n19
on terrorism656, 661, 665n1, 666n11, 666n13
on women in politics628n8, 629n10, 630n35

Della Sala, Vincent105n14, 697–706, 707n14

Dell’Acqua, Angelo264, 413

Delle Chiaie, Stefano658

Dell’Utri, Marcello395, 677

Delors, Jacques386, 522

democracy4, 41, 73
consociational97
and Italian Constitution76–7
League for Democracy454
multilayer77
plebiscitary form398
’shielded’351

democratic centralism192, 193

Democratic Front185, 186

Democratic Magistrates122

Democratic Party of the Left (PDS)109, 125, 190, 193, 394, 650

Democrazia Cristiana (DC) See Christian Democratic Party (DC)

Dente, Bruno170n27

Department for Juridical and Legal Affairs (DAGL)101

Department of Economic Affairs100–1

Depretis, Agostino27, 28, 29, 30–1, 32, 35, 455

deputies, election of132, 133

d’Estaing, Giscard382

Destra Nazionale (National Right)215, 216

Destra Storica (political coalition)29, 36, 133

détente, bipolar689

devolution102, 232

d’Hondt formula, electoral systems134, 138

Di Federico, Giuseppe131n10

Di Lellio, Anna628n7

Di Lorenzo, Francesco318

Di Loreto, Pietro266n13, 267n19

Di Marco, M. T.353n4

Di Nolfo, Ennio392n21, 392n23, 392n25

Di Nucci, Loreto39n17, 52n12, 52n14

Di Palma, Giuseppe118n5, 194n10

Di Pietro, Antonio110, 181, 228, 309, 319, 331
and Tangentopoli investigations, Milan310, 315, 318, 319, 320

Di Virgilio, Aldo143n37, 143n38, 157n29, 406n10

Di Virgilio, Giannetti158n50

DIA (anti-Mafia organization)676

Diamanti, Ilvo156n13, 157n38, 157n45, 232, 237n19

Diani, Mario655n10

Dickie, John65n3

Dini, Lamberto110, 319, 320, 402, 494, 519
and bipolarism332, 334
Mediterranean policy715, 717
and welfare state510, 511, 512

distributive distortion (“original sin”)507

divorce459, 471, 472

Dogan, Mattei105n9, 629n24

Dogliani, Mario80n11

Donno, Michele266n13

D’Onofrio, Edoardo356n67

Donovan, Mark39n12, 394–406

Dossetti, Giuseppe72, 177, 272, 368
and Catholic hierarchy412–13, 416, 421–2
and Christian Democratic Party255, 256, 259, 260, 261, 266n2

Downs, Anthony155n2

Draghi, Mario53, 517n22, 525, 705

Drake, Richard H.663, 666n9, 666n14, 667n21

Duce See Mussolini, Benito

Duggan, Christopher20, 23, 25n8, 80n1

Dunphy, Richard706n10

Durkheim, Emile552n1

Duverger, Maurice102, 337n9

“Duverger’s Law”329

Dyson, Kenneth502n23, 527n12

“earthquake elections” (1992)48, 148, 296, 334

Ebbinghaus, Bernard517n16, 539n1

ECB See European Central Bank (ECB)

“economic miracle” (1957–63)18, 23, 60, 268, 505
industrial development and Italian Republic479, 481

ECPI (Excess Perceived Corruption Index)612

education75

efficiency, and “original sin”508

Einaudi, Luigi (President, 1948–55)80n7, 82, 84–5, 169n3, 259, 348, 643n21
and intellectuals601, 602, 607n32
and liberalism242, 243

Eisenhower, D.686, 710

electioneering570–3

electoral systems132–43, 271, 398
coalitions133, 138, 140
and Communist electorate185–8
competition dynamics inside parties136
deputies, election of132, 133
development in Italy132–4
d’Hondt formula134, 138
Fascism134, 135
Hare formula134, 141, 142n8
majoritarian101, 102, 132, 133, 137
multimember constituencies133, 134, 135
preference voting97, 98, 136, 137, 142n7
primaries (popular elections)50
proportional97, 124, 133–4, 135, 136, 137, 141, 149
reforms133, 137, 138, 139–40, 165–6
Republic of Italy135–40
single member constituencies116, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139
and women in politics625–6

Elia, Leopoldo80n9, 260

Eliot, T. S.307

elites3, 4, 190, 590, 626
liberal135
ministerial/governmental95, 97, 98, 99
and popular consensus703
powerless573
professional542
superelite98, 103
transformism31, 37
transgression579

Ellwood, David W.65n8

Emanuele, Vincenzo157n35, 158n47, 338n33

emergency bills100

Emilia-Romagna region46, 474, 554, 669

Emmot, Bill604

employment
twenty-first century Italian industry486
of women468–9, 470, 474, 542

EMS (European Monetary System)305, 382, 498

EMU See European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)

Encyclopedia of Religions444

ENEL (state electricity company)311, 315

ENEP (effective number of electoral parties)151, 330

Englaro, Eluana461

ENI (National Authority for Hydrocarbons)183n27, 272, 314, 359, 361, 365, 489n3, 709, 716

Enimont deal (1993)315, 316

Enlightenment454, 594, 599, 603

ENPG (effective number of parliamentary groups)153

ENPP (effective number of parliamentary parties)151, 153

Eormigoni, Guido267n17

Episcopal Conference, Italian460, 461

episcopate (collective body of all the bishops of a church)412, 415, 416

Epstein, Gerald527n5

ERM (Exchange Rate Mechanism)164, 334, 380, 521

Ertman, Thomas169n7

Esping-Andersen, Gosta516n5

ESRB (European Systemic Risk Board)525

ethno-regionalist parties231, 237n20

Eubank, William Lee665n3

euro63, 232, 322n3, 486, 697
and bipolarism335, 336
Euro Area522, 523, 525, 526
Italy and European Union703, 704, 705
labor market policy494, 499

Eurocommunism189, 285, 294n7, 328, 369, 375

Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP)713, 715

Euro-missiles386, 692

European Central Bank (ECB)228, 335, 515, 522, 523, 524, 550

European Coal and Steel Community698

European Court of Justice (ECJ)401, 513

European Defense Community (EDC)687

European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)164, 387, 390, 498, 512, 701, 705
and Bank of Italy518, 522–5, 527n17
independence prior to EMU, building up518–20
policies promoted prior to EMU520–2
and bipolarism334
Italian accession499

European Economic Community (EEC)381, 383

European Monetary System (EMS)305, 382, 498

European System of Central Banks (ESCB)524

European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB)525

European Union and Italy697–706
elite and popular consensus703
Europeanization160, 702–3
and Italian modernization700–1
Italy and Europe following crisis703–5
whether Italy seen as pygmy or giant698–9

Europol675, 679n4, 681n64

Euroskepticism703

Eurosystem518, 522, 523

Eurozone24, 325, 402, 403, 704

Evangelical Lutheran Church440

Evola, Julius214, 222, 666n9

Exarchate of Southern Europe440

exceptionalism159

Excess Perceived Corruption Index (ECPI)612

Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)164, 334, 380, 521

exchange rate policy521, 523

Executive Office99, 101

external mutuality559

Extreme Left454–5

Fabbrini, Sergio170n16, 706n3, 707n18

Fabrizio, Davide143n34

factions, political41, 47, 104
in Christian Democratic party175–7, 181, 182n21, 209n12, 262–3
electoral systems136, 137
Italian Social Movement215

“Falange armata”318

Falcone, Giovanni (judge)62, 88, 323n35, 388
murder676

false accounting128

families
beanpole family470
children’s rights472, 474
fatherhood469, 472
formation patterns466–71
gender contract under stress468–9
increasing delay in formation of new families466–7
kinship ageing and family solidarity under stress469–70
laws, slow-moving471–3
migrant, foreign and mixed families470–1
“obliged kin”472, 473
reproductive rights472–3
social policies471–5
stereotypes465
trends and tensions465–77
weakening of marriage as basis of family formation467–8
work–family balance469

familismo159

Fanfani, Amintore (DC secretary)72, 86, 176, 177, 244, 304, 362, 373, 379, 415, 434, 710
Atlantic Alliance and Italy688, 690
and Christian Democratic Party261, 262–3
“opening to the left” transition269, 278

Fantoni, G.581n10

Fargion, Valeria516n2, 516n7

Farina, Patrizia644n27

Farneti, Paolo307n10

Fascism/neo-fascism86, 162, 211–23, 599, 659
Civil Code288, 471
and classe dirigente4, 10–11
collapse of original regime in World War II22
electoral systems134, 135
fascist movement vs. fascist regime213
and industrial development478
isolation, recovery and marginalization215–18
and Italian Constitution73, 175
and Italian Social Movement (MSI)211–21, 223
and liberalism241–2
National Alliance221–3
nostalgic and radical period (1946–95)212–14
and partitocracy43, 44–5
rebirth and positive reception213–14
and Republican transformism33–4
and Risorgimento18, 19, 21, 22, 23
and “Southern Question”56–7
two-steps entry into political system218–20

Favretto, Ilaria268–82, 280n10, 281n32

Fazio, Antonio519, 523, 524

Fazzo, Luca323n30

Featherstone, Kevin170n15, 502n23, 502n29, 527n12

Federation of Catholic University Students (FUCI)379

Fegiz, Pierpaolo Luzzato195n19

Felice, Emmanuele65n6

Fella, Stefano338n32

Feltrin, Paolo143n34

Ferner, Anthony539n3

Ferrara, Giuliano318, 586

Ferrara, Giuseppe577

Ferraresi, Franco665n6

Ferrari, Alessandro451n2

Ferrari, Giuliano593n11

Ferrera, Maurizio338n29, 504–17, 516n1, 516n2, 516n7, 516n11, 517n15, 517n18, 706n12
labor market policy498, 502n22

fertility rates466, 470

feudalism, breakdown of4

FIAT automobile factories61, 277, 298, 300, 359, 360–1, 363, 365
and Italian industry479, 485, 488
merger with Chrysler487, 488

Filangieri, Gaetano595

financial crisis (2008–09)487, 513, 542
and Italian cooperatives563–4

Fini, Gianfranco35, 110, 218, 219, 222, 223, 331

Fininvest company317, 319, 395, 571, 579

Finotelli, Claudia643n3

Finsider361, 478, 489n1

FIOM (metalworkers’ trade union of CGIL)532

Fioravanti, Giuseppe Valerio659

Fiordelli, Pietro414

Fiorini, Florio315

First Republic (1948–92)62, 97, 103, 181, 197, 198, 201, 206, 208, 333, 378–9
cabinets209n5
collapse16, 49, 96, 334, 387–91, 394, 400
judicialization of politics in123–4
and parliament107, 112, 115
populism in225–8
stable instability95, 96–9, 102

First World War See World War I

“five original sins” (distortion)504, 507–8, 515

Five Star Movement (M₅S)50, 90, 237n13, 338n31, 400, 601, 617
and bipolarism335, 336
and party systems, post-World War Two149, 150, 152, 155
and populism227–8

five-party governing coalition (pentapartito)229, 283, 296–308, 327, 387, 390, 713
in ascension302–4
Craxi years296, 302–4, 306
creation301
decline and fall304–7
political and economic context297–9
principal characteristics299–302

Flanagan, Scott C.156n21

FLI (Future and Freedom for Italy), parliamentary group35, 110

Flora, Peter516n6

Flores, Marcello295n8

Foa, Vittorio23

Follini, Marco174, 182n2

Forcella, Enzo593n17

Ford, Gerald690

Forlani, Arnaldo (DC secretary)88, 181, 305, 316, 388

Formigoni, Guido267n26, 356n44, 438n53, 695n4

Fornasier, Roberto295n18

Forti, Ugo80n5

Fortis, Alessandro455

Forza Italia Political Movement (Movimento Politico Forza Italia), Center-Right political party24, 102, 199, 228, 317, 400, 497
and bipolarism330, 331
and Christian Democratic Party174, 181
founding of (1994)149, 227, 394, 396, 398
fusion of AN with223
and Italian Social Movement (MSI)220, 222
and partitocracy49, 50