Volume 65, Issue 4, 15 August 2017

Adding low-dose primaquine to malaria treatment reduced gametocyte carriage by 73%. Patients who received primaquine had more frequent hemoglobinuria and there was a greater reduction in haemoglobin concentration in G6PD-deficient patients. One patient who received primaquine developed moderately severe anemia.

In low-income countries, with limited laboratory support, urinary tract infection (UTI) is extensively misdiagnosed during pregnancy. Healthcare professionals without microbiology training can learn to correctly diagnose Escherichia coli UTI and negative dipslide cultures. This would decrease the current extreme antibiotic overconsumption.

This study compares the effect of different drug families on viral kinetics in seminal plasma of treatment-naive HIV-infected patients and the relationship between drugs concentrations in this compartment and the decay of viral load in the genital tract.

HCV-positive men have a higher risk of AMI than HCV-negative men at higher TC/LDL levels; this risk is more pronounced at a younger age. Lipid lowering therapy significantly reduces this risk, with more profound reduction among those with HCV.

Physicians in Europe are increasingly confronted with the question of whether or not and how to screen asymptomatic African refugees from endemic regions for Schistosoma mansoni infection. We identified the combination of serology plus circulating cathodic antigen testing in urine as a practical and highly sensitive screening method.

Co-trimoxazole was associated with reduced infectious morbidity among HIV-exposed, uninfected infants in Malawi. Asymptomatic parasitemia was associated with increased infectious morbidity. Co-trimoxazole may play an important role in reducing morbidity among HIV-exposed, uninfected infants in malaria-endemic settings.

Our mathematical transmission model of a regional healthcare system shows that efforts to reduce carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in a long-term acute care hospital can be a highly efficient strategy for mitigating the risk of a regional CRE outbreak.

We observed 6584 infants born to 6559 syphilis-seropositive mothers who had different treatment background before pregnancy and treated with different regimens during their current pregnancies for evaluating the risk of developing congenital syphilis in Shenzhen, China.

In a UK series, 37 of 445 (8.3%) patients with pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) experienced a cerebral abscess, often pre-PAVM diagnosis as first presentation. Odontogenic organisms, dental interventions, lower oxygen saturation, iron loading, and intravenous iron use were associated with abscess risk.

In a multicenter, prospective case-control study involving 1758 children aged <5 years in developing and emerging countries, the main microorganisms associated with pneumonia were Streptococcus pneumoniae, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus.

Patients at hospitals that experienced a piperacillin/tazobactam shortage and as a result shifted antibiotic usage toward antibiotics with a higher risk of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) had a significantly higher hospital-onset CDI risk.

Individuals receiving more Ryan White service classes are more likely to be retained in care and achieve viral suppression. For some populations with insurance, Ryan White services may still be required for optimal health outcomes.

Long-term, heavy marijuana use was associated with increased cardiovascular events in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected men aged 40–60 independent of tobacco smoking, viral load, and other risk factors, while there was no significant association with HIV disease markers, progression to AIDS, or mortality.

People with human immunodeficiency virus (PWHIV) have elevated cancer risk. Among PWHIV in North America during 1995–2009, 9.8% of deaths were attributable to cancer (cancer-attributable mortality rate 327 per 100000 person-years). A large proportion of deaths were attributable to non-AIDS–-defining cancers.

Hospital-acquired infections by multidrug-resistant organisms cause higher mortality, readmissions, and emergency department visits than those produced by susceptible strains, but do not seem to have any impact on length of stay, need for intensive care, surgery, or diagnostic tests.

Neurological disease is associated with 7.6% of hospitalized influenza in Australian children, including 1.4% with influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy (IAE). IAE causes mortality and morbidity and occurs seasonally, with incidence comparable to that in the 2009–2010 H1N1 pandemic and in East Asian populations.

Quantification of the disease burden of congenital toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus infection in Belgium in terms of disability-adjusted life years and identification of the major data gaps.

This article focuses on assisting hospitals in establishing a rapid response for identification, notification, and evaluation of exposed patients, and management of heater-cooler devices with regard to placement and containment, environmental culturing, and disinfection.

Antibiotic stewardship in small hospitals is critical. Antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) are uncommon in these settings and implementation has been poorly studied. We review the barriers to ASP implementation in small hospitals and offer solutions to address this need.