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Name and nature of organism Name and nature of organism
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Transmission and incubation period Transmission and incubation period
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Clinical features and sequelae Clinical features and sequelae
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Management Management
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Prevention Prevention
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Further reading Further reading
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Cite
Abstract
Poliomyelitis is caused by infection of the motor neurons of the central nervous system by poliovirus. Humans are the only known natural host. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) began in 1988; since then, wild poliovirus transmission has decreased by 99%. Currently, poliovirus transmission remains endemic in four countries. Transmission is primarily by the faecal–oral route. The incubation period is generally between 7 and 14 days but can range from 3 to 35 days. Poliovirus infection with the wild-type virus may give different forms of clinical manifestations: inapparent infection, abortive poliomyelitis, non-paralytic poliomyelitis, and paralytic poliomyelitis. The virus can be isolated from stool specimens; it is hardly found in the liquor. There is no specific antiviral therapy, but supportive management only. Vaccination is the only effective method of preventing poliomyelitis. The two types of polio vaccines most widely used are inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV). OPV is associated with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV). IPV does not run the risk of VAPP or VDPV but, in its current form, may be prohibitively expensive in the developing world. The reasons for failure, to date, of the global initiative to achieve its goal are multiple, but current progress indicates that polio eradication is achievable.
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