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Nature and name of organism Nature and name of organism
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Transmission, incubation, and pathogenesis Transmission, incubation, and pathogenesis
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Pathological changes Pathological changes
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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C. difficile infection in children C. difficile infection in children
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Hypervirulent strain: NAP1/B1/027 Hypervirulent strain: NAP1/B1/027
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Risk factors for C. difficile infection Risk factors for C. difficile infection
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Antibiotics Antibiotics
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Exposure to toxigenic C. difficile Exposure to toxigenic C. difficile
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Gastric acid suppression Gastric acid suppression
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Severe illness and complex chronic conditions Severe illness and complex chronic conditions
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Clinical features and sequelae Clinical features and sequelae
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Spectrum of clinical disease Spectrum of clinical disease
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Asymptomatic carrier Asymptomatic carrier
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C. difficile diarrhoea C. difficile diarrhoea
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Pseudomembranous colitis Pseudomembranous colitis
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Fulminant colitis Fulminant colitis
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Extraintestinal manifestations Extraintestinal manifestations
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Clinical disease in children <2 years of age Clinical disease in children <2 years of age
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Relapse and reinfection Relapse and reinfection
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Diagnostic difficulties in children Diagnostic difficulties in children
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Choice of diagnostic testing method for C. difficile Choice of diagnostic testing method for C. difficile
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Available tests Available tests
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Management and treatment Management and treatment
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Prevention and control Prevention and control
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Future research Future research
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Further reading Further reading
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Cite
Abstract
Conjunctivitis is the most frequently presenting disorder of the eye. It is usually self-limiting, and the risk of long-term complications is low. It involves inflammation of the conjunctiva; associated corneal involvement gives rise to keratoconjunctivitis. Conjunctivitis may be due to bacterial or viral infection or allergic hypersensitivity. Bacteria are responsible for 33–78% of cases (especially in infants and toddlers), while viral conjunctivitis is commoner in school-aged children and adolescents. The symptoms and signs are similar in viral, bacterial, and allergic conjunctivitis and include itching, burning, mucopurulent or purulent discharge, eyelid oedema, and conjunctival erythema. Investigations are usually not warranted, although children with suspected ocular HSV infection or ophthalmia neonatorum require both investigation and empiric antimicrobial management. The benefit of antibiotics for other causes of conjunctivitis is less certain. Excellent infection control measures are required in the clinical setting and in the community to prevent further spread.
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