
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Mechanisms of infection Mechanisms of infection
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Intrauterine infection Intrauterine infection
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Ascending infections Ascending infections
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Intrapartum infections Intrapartum infections
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Post-natal infections Post-natal infections
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The importance of timing of infection The importance of timing of infection
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Clinical presentation Clinical presentation
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Approach Approach
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Specific congenital infections to consider Specific congenital infections to consider
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Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Management Management
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Rubella Rubella
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Transmission and incubation period Transmission and incubation period
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Management Management
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Parvovirus B19 Parvovirus B19
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Management Management
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Varicella-zoster virus Varicella-zoster virus
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Congenital varicella syndrome Congenital varicella syndrome
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Neonatal varicella syndrome Neonatal varicella syndrome
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Management Management
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Syphilis Syphilis
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Transmission and incubation period Transmission and incubation period
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Management Management
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Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Transmission and incubation period Transmission and incubation period
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Treatment Treatment
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Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Transmission and incubation period Transmission and incubation period
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Management Management
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Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydia trachomatis
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Clinical features and sequelae Clinical features and sequelae
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Management Management
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Future research Future research
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Further reading Further reading
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Cite
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under the age of 5 years, with an overwhelming burden of mortality in developing settings. Rotavirus remains the single most important cause of severe diarrhoea and dehydration, with norovirus recognized as the next commonest pathogen. Clostridium difficile has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen in childhood. Molecular assays are helping to identify roles for a wider range of viral pathogens in diarrhoea, helping to reduce the proportion of cases where no pathogen is identified. Hygiene and sanitation interventions have some efficacy in reducing faecal–oral transmission but appear less effective in reducing viral gastroenteritis. Oral rehydration therapy is highly effective in treating acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus vaccines have proven effective in reducing mortality due to acute diarrhoeal dehydration in developing settings, but further improvements are needed to improve access to vaccination and efficacy in developing settings. A small increased risk of intussusception has been associated with rotavirus vaccination;however, the benefits of rotavirus vaccination heavily outweigh this risk in all settings tested.
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