
Contents
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Introduction Introduction
-
Causative organisms Causative organisms
-
Epidemiology Epidemiology
-
Epidemiology of HIV infection in the UK Epidemiology of HIV infection in the UK
-
-
Clinical presentation and differential diagnosis Clinical presentation and differential diagnosis
-
Investigations Investigations
-
Management Management
-
Prophylaxis against opportunistic infections Prophylaxis against opportunistic infections
-
TB case finding and anti-TB treatment TB case finding and anti-TB treatment
-
Prevention of bacterial infection Prevention of bacterial infection
-
Immunization Immunization
-
Antiretroviral therapy Antiretroviral therapy
-
When to start When to start
-
What to start with What to start with
-
Monitoring antiretroviral therapy Monitoring antiretroviral therapy
-
When to switch? When to switch?
-
Stopping treatment and treatment interruptions Stopping treatment and treatment interruptions
-
-
Social/psychological management Social/psychological management
-
-
Prevention Prevention
-
Future research Future research
-
Further reading Further reading
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cite
Abstract
World Health Organization and UNAIDS estimated that, in 2012, there were about 35.3 million people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (about two-thirds living in sub-Saharian Africa), including 3.3 million children under 15 years of age. An increase from previous years was observed, as more people (about 10 million by 2013) are receiving the lifesaving antiretroviral therapy. There were 2.3 (1.9–2.7) million new HIV infections globally, showing a 33% decline in the number of new infections from 3.4 (3.1–3.7) million in 2001. At the same time, the number of AIDS deaths is also declining, with 1.6 (1.4–1.9) million AIDS deaths in 2012, down from 2.3 (2.1–2.6) million in 2005. As a result of scaled-up HIV prevention services, the annual number of newly infected children in 2012 was 260 000 (230 000–320 000) in low- and middle-income countries, with a 52% decline from 2001 to 2012. The introduction of universal routine antenatal HIV testing and the use of combination antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy have reduced the vertical transmission rate in Europe to less than 1%. The chapter addresses issues related to the diagnosis, clinical presentation, and management of children with HIV infections. Therapy for specific opportunistic and other infections is discussed, including pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis, tuberculosis, and immunization strategies, with reference to World Health Organization guidelines. Updated guidance on antiretroviral therapy are outlined, and specific references to the 2014 Paediatric European Network for the Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) guidelines on the use of antiretroviral therapy are provided.
Sign in
Personal account
- Sign in with email/username & password
- Get email alerts
- Save searches
- Purchase content
- Activate your purchase/trial code
- Add your ORCID iD
Purchase
Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions.
Purchasing informationMonth: | Total Views: |
---|---|
October 2022 | 3 |
December 2022 | 5 |
January 2023 | 2 |
February 2023 | 4 |
March 2023 | 4 |
April 2023 | 1 |
May 2023 | 1 |
June 2023 | 5 |
July 2023 | 4 |
August 2023 | 2 |
September 2023 | 2 |
October 2023 | 4 |
November 2023 | 2 |
December 2023 | 2 |
January 2024 | 1 |
February 2024 | 1 |
March 2024 | 2 |
April 2024 | 5 |
May 2024 | 3 |
June 2024 | 2 |
July 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 5 |
February 2025 | 4 |
Get help with access
Institutional access
Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:
IP based access
Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.
Sign in through your institution
Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic.
If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institution’s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.
Sign in with a library card
Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.
Society Members
Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:
Sign in through society site
Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see ‘Sign in through society site’ in the sign in pane within a journal:
If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.
Sign in using a personal account
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.
Personal account
A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.
Viewing your signed in accounts
Click the account icon in the top right to:
Signed in but can't access content
Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.
Institutional account management
For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.