... butchers Marseille Muslim Jewish relations Muslims Jews France Muslim–Jewish relations Middle East Israel Palsetine We end where we began in October 2000, when six Molotov cocktails thrown at a synagogue in Villepinte unleashed in France the violence some had feared would become a regular feature...

...This chapter analyzes the armies’ roles in the 2011 upheavals in the Middle East and North Africa, concentrating on the six countries where considerable bloodshed occurred: Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen. In these cases, the regular military forces assumed roles that followed one...

...This chapter discusses theological speculation and theological literacy in late antique and medieval Middle East. In the period beginning with the controversy between Cyril and Nestorius in 428 and ending with the Third Council of Constantinople in 680–681, the Christian community of the Middle...

...This chapter details how people dealt with doctrinal difference in the post-Chalcedonian Middle East. Some of the ways in which disagreement was handled include violence. Another route a Christian leader might take was persuasion and argument. Indeed, a culture of debate was part of the landscape...

...This chapter discusses Christianity. There was a range of Christian beliefs and a gamut of understandings of what was encouraged, what was acceptable, and what was forbidden by church leaders for Christians to do and to believe. When Arab conquerors rode into the Middle East in the 630s and 640s...

.... Ultimately, in trying to place the existence of the Middle East's population of simple Christians not just into this story, but at its center, this book has attempted to capture some of the excitement and interest of this process in a way that does justice to all of the people living there, not just a small...

...This epilogue traces the legacy of mandate-era education into the present day, as teachers' unions call for strikes across the Middle East. The sight of amassing Jordanian, Iraqi, and Palestinian public school teachers storming from their classrooms and streaming into the streets to protest...

...This chapter surveys four torn states in the Middle East. Turkey and its Kurdish separatist movement regularly accuse each other of mobilizing organized crime to brutalize the other. Both are correct. The Turkish government mobilized gangsters (gunrunners, mercenaries, and assassins) as instruments...

...This chapter explores the nature of conversion in the early medieval Middle East by focusing on the first half of these convert martyrs, who began their lives as Christians, embraced Islam, and then returned to Christianity. Among these, there were several subgroups, including Christians who...

... to these problems carry a great deal of weight in the multilateral forums that join together the West with the East and the Middle East. In effect, the adoption of SWFs by the Gulf States is a gesture aimed at facilitating their inclusion in the international community of nations. While the accepted form of SWFs...

... Jewish Congress anti Muslim sentiment Middle East Forum MEF Middle East Quarterly Orientalism Said Pipes Daniel Said Edward Slave Soldiers and Islam Pipes Emerson Steven Investigative Project on Terrorism IPT research methodology Terrorists among Us Jihad in America documentary film Center...

.... The chapter then considers how the understanding of the relations between religion and state in the Middle East, and in Muslim-majority countries more broadly, could be further deepened by examining religious minorities' viewpoints on the enduring principle of the state's custodianship of Islam...

...This book reframes the role of Islam in modern Middle East governance. Challenging other accounts that claim that Middle Eastern states turned secular in modern times, the book shows instead the continuity of the state's custodianship of Islam as the preferred religion. The book traces...

... the organizational forms used in four major regions: China, India, the Middle East, and Western Europe. The English and Dutch were the last to leap into Eurasian trade, and they innovated in order to compete. They raised capital from passive investors through impersonal stock markets and their joint-stock...

... of ideologies. Drawing on archival research and oral histories, this book brings to light educators' outsized role in shaping the politics of the modern Middle East. The book tells the story of the few young Arab men—and fewer young Arab women—who were lucky enough to teach public school in the territories...

... is a panoramic history of this vibrant and explosive age. Charting the development of Britain's political interest in the Middle East from the Napoleonic Wars to the Crimean War in the 1850s, the book examines the various strategies employed by British and Indian officials, describing how they sought influence...

... from historians in considering this region as a British problem and British opportunity in the first half of the nineteenth century. Throughout the book, the chapter uses the term “Middle East,” which is of course anachronistic, simply as the best shorthand description for the territory with which...

...This introductory chapter provides an overview of the role of public school teachers in state- and nation-building in the modern Middle East. Under colonial rule, public education, a national institution, necessarily promoted regional and transnational notions of affiliation, shaping how...

... in government. They received state paychecks and carried out inspections. Educators also encouraged their students and their societies to try out the ideologies that fluctuated across the Middle East. These concepts ranged from the ends of cosmopolitan Ottoman identities, to dreams of a unified Arab state...

...This chapter discusses the broader implications of the findings for our understanding of the developing world. It takes a tour of the developing world in Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East and shows how the three ideal types of elite social terrains (star, bowtie, and ring) help us...