Volume 219, Issue 3, 1 February 2019

New Zealand’s seroepidemiological cohort study found that neuraminidase inhibition assay identified more influenza virus infections than hemagglutination inhibition assay. This result highlights the importance to measure serologically defined infections against not just hemagglutinin but also neuraminidase antigens in future seroepidemiologic cohort studies.

Specific subgroups of children in socioeconomically vulnerable communities are at higher risk for dying at home from acute respiratory tract infection. This is the first study to provide at-home mortality rates due to respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus infection among infants.

Male IFNAR^−/− mice infected with ZIKV at an older age were shown to be infertile without overt signs of disease. This outcome was prevented by immunization with a DNA vaccine. A partial recovery of fertility was observed later after infection.

Japanese encephalitis virus circulation has been demonstrated in urban areas of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. Serological data indicate that up to 5% of children are infected annually.

Proactive recommendations for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines in Japan have been suspended. In this study, bivalent HPV vaccine is highly effective against HPV types 16 (HPV16) and 18, and significant cross-protection against HPV31, 45, and 52 was demonstrated. These findings should reassure politicians of vaccine effectiveness in a Japanese population.

Severe hospitalized varicella cases still occur with a 1-dose varicella program, although predominantly in unvaccinated children. Children who are unimmunized or who are infected with clades of European origin are more likely to have severe hospitalized infection.

Our multicenter cross-sectional study in China provided evidence linking the effect of host-environmental factors to oral Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) activity. Higher oral EBV loads tended to be detected in smokers, older participants, male participants, and participants in southern China.

A bivalent norovirus virus-like particle vaccine administered intramuscularly induced salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses to the homologous vaccine antigen that correlated with observed serum IgA responses.

In this article, we present the structure of a pan-ebolavirus antibody 6D6 in complex with multiple ebolavirus surface glycoproteins. This structural work implicates the fusion peptide of the glycoprotein as a site of immune vulnerability shared by all ebolaviruses.

Plasma IgM, glucuronoxylomannan-IgM, and β-glucan-binding IgM at the time of ART initiation were lower in HIV-infected individuals with cryptococcal meningitis who go on to develop C-IRIS than those who did not and inversely associated with development of C-IRIS.

Among a sample of women living with HIV in the United States, food insecurity was associated with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, regardless of HIV control.

A multiplex malaria antigen detection assay was developed to measure pan-Plasmodium antigens aldolase and LDH, and P. falciparum HRP2. Multiplex antigen detection allowed for prediction of malaria infection status, species of infection, and detection of Pfhrp2/3-deleted parasites.

We constructed a capsular polysaccharide-expressing live vaccine against Streptococcus suis. Safety of the vaccine strain was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Immunization with this live vaccine suppressed streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome and conferred sequence type-independent protection.

By using a novel luciferase system-based promoter probe, we identified oxidative stress as the trigger for MmpL6 expression in Mtb. Presence of a functional MmpL6 operon affords higher tolerance to oxidative stress/antibiotics in clinical strains of Mtb.

FimH-induced E coli K1 penetration and PMN migration across HBMECs is mediated by the CD48-α7nAChR complex in lipid rafts of HBMECs through Ca²⁺ signaling and cytoskeleton rearrangement.

This study shows an association between the severe lesions observed in pregnant women infected with Leishmania braziliensis and the occurrence of a strong Th2-type response. This work provides evidence of an IL-4–mediated pathology in human L. braziliensis infection.

We found that seropositivity against at least 3 anogenital human papillomavirus (HPV) types is associated with current multiple anogenital HPV infections, abnormal cytology, and seropositivity to nongenital HPVs.

Gut microbiota linked to coronary heart disease in HIV infection is characterized by reduced α-diversity and altered co-occurrence network despite insignificant differences in β-diversity. Sexual behavior affects β-diversity of the gut microbiota and should be considered in future studies.