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Herbert S. Kupperman, Robert B. Greenblatt, Charles R. Noback, A Two and Six-Hour Pregnancy Test: Preliminary Report, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 3, Issue 10, 1 October 1943, Pages 548–550, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-3-10-548
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AFTER their meritorious work on the detection of gonad-stimulating substances in the urine of pregnant women, Aschheim and Zondek proposed the first accurate test for pregnancy. The test is based upon the fact that, following the injection of urinary gonadotropins (which increase sharply 2 to 3 weeks after conception) into immature female mice, hemorrhagic follicles or “blutpunkten” occur in the ovaries. The A-Z test was soon modified by Friedman so that the isolated female rabbit was used for the test animal (2). The accuracy of the A-Z test or the Friedman modification is beyond doubt the highest of the many pregnancy diagnostic tests. Other pregnancy tests or modifications of the A-Z test have been offered simply because of the relative inconvenience of the original procedure and the Friedman modification. Although the Friedman test is the most widely accepted and used and is more applicable than the immature mouse test, nevertheless, it has some undesirable features, namely, the expense involved and difficulty of securing animals, especially during the present emergency, time necessary for completion of the test, inconvenience of isolation of the animals prior to use and the difficulty experienced by some technicians in the administration of the urine.
