
Contents
Cite
Extract
Summary
Bradycardia is a common clinical finding, which requires careful and thorough assessment to correctly establish the underlying diagnosis and determine the appropriate therapy. Bradycardia is often a benign condition requiring no intervention, but when it gives rise to symptoms or results from conduction abnormalities that are associated with an adverse prognosis, cardiac pacing may be required unless a reversible and remediable cause can be identified. An accurate electrocardiographic diagnosis, consideration of the clinical context, and confirmation of a temporal association with any symptoms are the essential first steps to determine the appropriate therapy.
When permanent pacing is required, selection of the appropriate pacing mode and careful attention to pacemaker programming are needed to ensure an optimal clinical outcome. New insights from randomized trials have provided an evidence base to guide pacemaker mode selection and paved the way for increasingly physiological pacing, preserving whenever possible the natural sequence of cardiac activation and contraction. With an increasingly vast array of sophisticated pacemakers and pacing functions, sound clinical experience and judgement are essential to ensure the delivery of effective therapy and to minimize the risk of complications. Appropriately treated, the vast majority of patients can expect to enjoy full relief of symptoms and return to normal activity with a good quality of life and no adverse impact on life expectancy.
Sign in
Personal account
- Sign in with email/username & password
- Get email alerts
- Save searches
- Purchase content
- Activate your purchase/trial code
- Add your ORCID iD
Purchase
Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions.
Purchasing informationMonth: | Total Views: |
---|---|
October 2022 | 4 |
January 2023 | 1 |
February 2023 | 2 |
May 2023 | 1 |
June 2023 | 4 |
November 2023 | 1 |
December 2023 | 1 |
June 2024 | 2 |
July 2024 | 6 |
November 2024 | 1 |
April 2025 | 1 |
Get help with access
Institutional access
Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:
IP based access
Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.
Sign in through your institution
Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic.
If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institution’s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.
Sign in with a library card
Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.
Society Members
Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:
Sign in through society site
Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see ‘Sign in through society site’ in the sign in pane within a journal:
If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.
Sign in using a personal account
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.
Personal account
A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.
Viewing your signed in accounts
Click the account icon in the top right to:
Signed in but can't access content
Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.
Institutional account management
For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.