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Zhang-Zhi Hu, Li Zhuang, Jianping Meng, Chon-Hwa Tsai-Morris, Maria L. Dufau, Complex 5′ Genomic Structure of the Human Prolactin Receptor: Multiple Alternative Exons 1 and Promoter Utilization, Endocrinology, Volume 143, Issue 6, 1 June 2002, Pages 2139–2142, https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.143.6.8949
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Abstract
Transcription of the prolactin receptor (PRLR) is under the control of multiple promoters. Following the recent demonstration of the human non-coding exon 1, hE1N (hE1N1) and the generic exon 1 hE13, we have identified their promoters and characterized four other novel human exons 1 (hE1N2–5) that are alternatively spliced to a common non-coding exon 2 in human tissues and breast cancer cells. Genomic regions containing these exons, and 5′-flanking and intronic sequences, were determined and their order was established in chromosome 5p14-13. Promoters utilized in the transcription of previously characterized PRLR exons 1 species hE13 (hPII) and hE1N1 (hPN1) were found to employ distinct mechanisms for controlling hPRLR transcription. hPIII requires C/EBPβ and Sp1/Sp3 for basal transcriptional activity, while hPN1 activity is conferred by domains containing an Ets element and an NR half-site. The complex promoter control system that governs transcription of the hPRLR in multiple tissues is of relevance for studies on the regulation of PRLR expression in physiological and pathological states.