Index

For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52–53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages.

Tables and figures are indicated by an italic t and f following the page number.

2030 Climate and Energy Package715

50PLUS
cleavages257
parliamentary politics108
party choice429–30
party organization464–66, 469
party system442
provincial politics202f
voting behaviour275

abdication102

abortion, morality of
development of338–39, 341
issue definition343–44
legalization of336–37
two worlds approach345

accommodation1, 3, 9

accountability politics
Accountability Day581
accountability styles586, 588–89
child allowance scandal576, 577
deficits583–84, 587
evolving practices578–82
accountability standards579–81
account givers and account holders578–79
activist accountability processes581–82
evolving research583–86
accountability styles586
deficits583–84
learning and trust584–85
executive politics146t, 150
financial account-holding standards581
freedom of information580–81
learning and trust584–85, 587–88
legal accountability580–81
mayors584
ministerial responsibility580
nature and importance of576–77
New Public Management581
PerformanceStat584–85
political accountability579–80
research agenda586–89
scope of146t

action-oriented citizens’ initiatives803–4

active labour market policies647, 650, 654, 655–56, 656f, 657–58, 660–61

advertising, political406, 407, 410–12, 416

advisory bodies613–14, 620

Afghanistan
foreign policy776–77
security policy733–35, 738–39

agenda-setting
coalitions486, 487f, 487–88, 544–45
control agendas549
definitions545–46
EU, agenda interaction with551
executive speeches543–44
first agenda-setting studies547–48
future developments555
future research551–55
mechanisms for practitioners553–55
research designs552–53, 552t
introduction543–45
legislative agendas549–50
media and534–35
multiple streams framework548, 553
ongoing nature of546–47
policy agendas545–46, 551
political agendas545–46
qualitative systematic analysis550–51
quantitative systems approach548–50
societal agendas546
Speech from the Throne543–44

age of population, Changes in11

Agractie700

agreement to disagree57

agricultural policy
Agractie700
animal husbandry and NOx levels702
animal welfare700, 701
common agricultural policy699–701
conservation on natural resources700
Dutch Agricultural Board697–98, 700, 702, 703–4
environmental concerns699–700, 701
EU membership698–99, 707
evolution of697–703
Farmers Defence Force700
fragmentation704
green front697–98
intensive farming696–97, 700
introduction696–97
iron triangles703–4, 705–6
issue networks704–5
neo-corporatism703–4
Netherlands Agriculture and Horticulture Association700, 702
nitrogen oxide conflict (2010–present)701–3, 706–7
policy brokers705
policy communities704
policy shifts (1980–2010)699–701
pollution reduction700
post-war ‘Golden Age’697–98
privatization62, 700
product boards703–4, 706
socio-economic perspective696–97
study of agricultural politics705–7

aldermen161, 166–67, 185, 186

Algemeene Bond461–62

alliance politics731–39
Afghanistan733–35, 738–39
Benelux alliance732–33
Bosnia733, 738
Cold War732–33, 735, 736–37, 738
Ethiopia and Eritrea738
EU Common Foreign and Security Policy736
EU Common Security and Defence Policy733, 734–36
European Defence Community735
European Security and Defence Policy585–736
International Security Assistance Force733–34
Kosovo733
Lebanon738
Mali738–39, 740
NATO732–35, 740
peacekeeping operations733
St Malo Declaration (1998)735
Ukraine734–35, 740
United Nations736–39
United Nations Emergency Force737
United Nations Operation in the Congo737–38

Althusius, Johannes64

amalgamations
municipal governments168–69
provinces194
regional politics182, 183

Amsterdam air disaster595

animal experimentation790

animal husbandry and NOx levels702

animal welfare700, 701

anti-communism34

anti-military protests34

Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP)
consociationalism44–45
media and530–31
party choice421–22, 426–27
party organization459
social cleavages249, 254
voting behaviour270–71
welfare state76

anti-system attitudes293–94

anti-totalitarianism34

artificial intelligence790

Aruba
citizenship353, 360, 363
colonial governance354
political relations226t, 228, 231, 235

AsOne See BIJ1

assisted suicide335, 339, 340–41, 342, 344–45, 346

asylum and immigration policy749, 757–58

Atlantic Alliance34–35, 36

Atomic State784

attentive democracy330, 332

autonomous model of law and politics124

Balkenende Governments (2002–10)
economic policy631–32

Barrier Treaties (1709, 1713)28

Batavian Commonwealth28–29

Batavian Republic (1795–1806)27, 28–29, 43, 91–92
Regulation of the State for the Batavian People 179829

Batavian Revolution (1786–1806)247, 248, 251

Batavian Revolution (1794–99)91

Baudet, Thierry2–3, 373–75 See also Forum for Democracy

Belgium
Belgian Revolt (1830)30, 43, 247, 248
Loppem Pact (1918)59–60

Benelux alliance732–33

Big Society803–4, 807

BIJ1
descriptive representation of marginalized groups502–3, 504, 506
moral issues346
party organization469
party system442
voting behaviour268, 274–75

Bills, passage of109

biomedical technology790

Bishop’s Mandement (1954)254

Bonaire
citizenship categories353
colonial governance354
political relations226t, 228, 231, 233–35

Bosnia See Srebrenica massacre

Boulevard de l’Europe30

boycotts324

Brexit212–14, 216, 221, 736, 773

budgetary politics145–46, 146t

budget deficits
Kok Government634
Lubbers Governments633–34

Budget Space Study Group636

bureaucratic politics145

Bureau of National Security34

cabinet140–42

Calvinists
cleavages247–49, 251–52, 253–54, 255
European integration214
party organization459
pillars61

campaign funding407, 410–12, 411t, 416

campaigning
conspiracy theories414–15
constraints on405–9
electoral system405
institutional structure406–8
media system408–9
party system405–6
Covid-19 pandemic, impact of415
data-driven413
demonization413–14
disinformation414–15, 416–17
external consultants410–12
funding407, 410–12, 411t, 416
future415–17
introduction403–5
legal framework407
manifestos407
media408–9, 416–17
microtargeting413, 416–17
negative campaigning413–14
party election broadcasts406, 412
personalization412, 416–17
political advertising406, 407, 410–12, 416
research410–15
social media407, 408–9, 412, 416–17
talk shows409
televised debates409
voting advice applications408

candidate lists388

carbon equivalents711

Caribbean Community234

cartel democracy
elite cooperation60–61
risks of71–72

Catholic Parliamentary Group461–62

Catholic People’s Party (KVP)
cleavages254, 255t, 260
coalition politics482–83
media and531
party choice421–22, 426–27
party organization461–62
party system449–50
voting behaviour270–71, 272

Central Intelligence Service32, 33–34

centralization
crisis management593
health care governance681–82 See also decentralization

Central Planning Bureau (CPB)407

Centre Party (CP)371

centripetal democracy60–61

Chapel Hill Expert Survey452

Charter of the Kingdom (1954)225, 227–28, 229–30

child allowance scandal576, 577

childcare provision79

Christian-Democratic Appeal (CDA)
campaigning407, 410–12
citizenship360
cleavages254, 255t, 256, 260
coalition politics477, 484
consociationalism50–51
cost of ruling425–26
democratic reform policy800–1
descriptive representation of marginalized groups503–4
economic policy630–31, 632, 637–38
education policy670, 672
European integration214, 215
immigration policy754–55, 756, 760
media and530–31
moral issues338–41, 346
party choice421–23, 422f, 424, 428, 431–32
party organization463–64, 466–69
party system438–39, 440, 442–43, 445–48, 449–50, 451
populism371, 372, 373, 378
provincial politics200–2, 201t, 202f
substantive representation520
voting behaviour264, 269, 272, 274, 275

Christian-democratic party family438–39 See also Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA); See also Christian Union (CU); See also Reformed Political Party (SGP)

Christian Historical Union (CHU)
cleavages252–53
party choice421–22, 426–27
party organization461, 462
voting behaviour270–71

Christian–liberal coalition (1982)49–50

Christian Union (CU)
cleavages256, 260
cost of ruling425–26
depillarization66
education policy672
European integration215–16
moral issues340–41
party choice424, 431
party organization463–64, 466–68, 469
party system438–39, 449, 451
provincial politics200–1
substantive representation513
voting behaviour272, 274

citizen lobbyists560–61 See also interest participation

Citizen’s Assembly800–1
deliberative citizens’ assemblies804

citizenship categories
acknowledging imperial roots363–64
codifying racial differences355–57
decolonization358–60
Dutch subject, non-Dutch citizen357–60
foreign orientals356, 357–58
future research363–64
guardian citizenship361
imperial citizenship351–54, 352t
indigenous people357–58
modern empire357–58
organization and development over time355–61
postcolonial citizenship360–61
research themes361–63
slavery355, 356

citizenship education673

citizens’ initiatives803–4

civic integration755–56, 761

civic participation318

civil society organizations561–62

Clean Technology Programme788

Climate Agreement (2019)716

climate change mitigation policy
2030 Climate and Energy Package715
agriculture and land use720
cap on emissions715
carbon equivalents711
changing ministerial portfolios711–13
changing policy levers713–14
climate adaptation distinguished711
Climate Agreement (2019)716
conclusions720–21
emissions trading715
energy policy and718–19
enforcement715
environmental transitions715
fossil fuel subsidies713
front runner to laggard711
greenhouse gas emissions710, 711, 713–16, 717t, 719–20
introduction710–14
Joint Implementation714–15
Ministerial Conference on Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change (1989)711
model-based scenarios719–20
National Environmental Policy Plans711–12, 713–15
natural gas712
newspapers, influence of718
overview of mitigation plans, targets and agreements717t
policy coherence715
policy history714–16
regional energy strategies716
research716–20
science–policy interface718
Urgenda litigation711, 716, 719
voluntary emission reduction agreements712–13, 714, 715

Club de Berne731

coalition politics
agenda-setting544–45
coalition agreements481, 485–86, 612
coalition formation process
constituent meeting477–79
development of476–80, 478t
formateur477–80
research483–85
coalition governance
development of480–82
leaders meetings149, 612
management practices2–3
research485–89
coalition termination
changing policy agenda489–90
development of482–83
historical development476–83
introduction475–76
introduction of coalitions46
managing coalition consensus and continuation488–89
municipal governments166
policy agendas486, 487f, 487–88
portfolio allocation484–85
research agenda490–91
research on483–86
scouts477, 484–86

Cold War
foreign policy768–71, 774–75, 776
security policy732–33, 735, 736–37, 738

Colijn, Hendrikus32, 33–34

collective bargaining647, 648–49, 652–53, 654, 655–56, 659

colonialism34, 226–27
foreign policy768–69
welfare state84–85

Colonial Office353–54

Colour the Parliament506

common agricultural policy699–701

communism, fight against34

communist parties and European integration214

Communist Party Netherlands (CPN)440, 441

Communist Party of Holland253–54

concertation561, 568–69

Congress of Vienna29

congruence in substantive representation516, 517–19, 521, 522–24

consensus democracy58–59, 58t

consociational democracy (1917–67)47–49
electoral democracy, advent of (1880–1917)47
government funding for denominational primary education48
liberal-religious coalition48
Lijphart, Arend48–49
noisy politics48–49
paternalist elite of notables48
pillars47–48
polarization in party politics47–48
proportional representation47
Social Democratic Workers’ Party (SDAP)47, 48
socialist coalition48–49
World War II, occupation during48

consociationalism
cartel democracy, risks of71–72
characteristics of58–59, 58t
contending approaches58–59
corporatism distinguished59
debating60–71
depillarization, nature of60, 65–67
elite cooperation57, 60, 63–65
elite interactions after pillarization60, 68–71
history of56–57
international comparison59–60
introduction56
pendulum consociationalism340–41
pillarization, nature of60, 61–63

conspiracy theories414–15

constitutional democracy, establishment of30–31

constitutional monarchies See monarchical politics

constitutions
Constitution of 181492
Constitution of 181592, 98
Constitution of 184093–94, 98
Constitution of 184894–95, 98
Constitution of 198398–99

constructive education politics667

constructive technology assessment789–90, 791–92

control agendas549

core executive, meaning of141–45

corporatism58, 59, 561, 568–69

corporatist intermediation562–63

cosmopolitan–communitarian public opinion293

costs of ruling425–26, 426f

Council of Directors354

counterterrorism policy727–31
adapting to new threats727–29
Club de Berne731
Dutch approach729–30
first counterterrorism programme (1973)35
international approach731
jihadist activities since 9/11596, 728–29, 730
linking internal and external security731
multi-actor, multilevel approach730–31
narco terrorism729
National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism730
Netherlands National Counterterrorism Strategy740
Revolutionary Anti Racist Action728
safety house730
South Moluccan activists727–28

court politics146t, 149–50

coverage ratio76

Covid-19 pandemic
campaigning, impact on415
conspiracy theories415
cost of10, 145–46
cost of ruling425
crisis management596, 597, 598, 601, 602, 603, 604
economic policy630, 633, 636
elections during415
health care governance681, 682–83, 688, 690–91, 692, 693
labour market policy and653
political relations232–33
political support298, 302–3
populism and375, 441
post-Covid-19 recovery fund213–14
public opinion dynamics287, 292

cremation, legalization of338

crisis management
ambiguity of level of crisis603
Amsterdam air disaster595
centralization593
changing faces of crises602
counterterrorism policies596
Covid-19 pandemic596, 597, 598, 601, 602, 603, 604
crises592–94
crisification593
crisis and policy frequency598f
crisis performance601
definition of crisis594
Dutch Safety Board596–97
early crisis detection604
Enschede fireworks factory explosion (2000)595
floods of 1953598
future research602–4
legitimacy601
multilevel crisis governance604
overview594–98, 599t
political agenda and593
public inquiries597
resilience604
safety regions596
technological disasters594–95
threats to safety601
transboundary nature of modern crises601
trends in crisis research599–602
trust and603
Volendam595

cube law108

cultural assimilation288–90, 289f, 290f

Curaçao
citizenship353, 360, 363
colonial governance354
political relations226t, 228, 231, 232, 235

cybersecurity771

Daalder, Hans40, 41
consociationalism56–57
rules of the game56, 64

decentralization
agenda-setting politics550, 554
agricultural policymaking700–1
climate change mitigation policy720
consociationalism58–59
democratic reform798
health care governance681
municipal governments161–62, 168, 169–70
political support310
provinces193–94
public services7–8
regional politics and179–80, 184

defence spending770–71, 772

deliberative democracy41

democratic legitimacy and political support
aggregate political support305, 309
comparative perspective303–5
conclusions313–14
growing gaps between citizens305–8
input legitimacy304, 305–6, 308–9, 310
introduction298–305
legitimacy beliefs of citizens299–300
output legitimacy304, 305, 306–7, 308–9, 310
political support in European democracies303f
political trust307f, 307–8, 311f, 312–13
politicization of political support308–13, 312f
throughput legitimacy304, 305, 306–7, 308–10
trends in political support301–3, 302f
vulnerability of parliamentary democracy308–13

democratic reform policy
action-oriented citizens’ initiatives803–4
Big Society803–4, 807
Citizen’s Assembly800–1
deliberative citizens’ assemblies804
consequences of democratic reforms808–9
electoral system change800, 801–2
explaining democratic reforms804–7
future research809–11
interactive policymaking802–3
meaning of ‘democratic reform’798
referendum800–1
EU–Ukraine Treaty referendum801–2
temporary referendum law800, 801–2
Right to Challenge810
significance of democratic reform797–98
stability and change798–804
talk-centric reforms798–99, 802–4, 806–7, 808–9, 811
veto players788–89
veto points789, 790
vote-centric reforms798–802, 808, 811

Democrats 66 (D66)
agricultural policy705–6
campaigning407, 410
cleavages260
cost of ruling425–26
democratic reform policy800–1
descriptive representation of marginalized groups499–501, 502–3
economic policy631–32
education policy671–72
European integration216
foreign policy776–77
judicial politics128–29
labour market policy649–50
media and531
moral issues339–41
party choice421–22, 429, 431
party organization466–67, 469
party system439–41, 445–48, 449
political support300–1
provincial politics200–1
retrenchment78
substantive representation519
voting behaviour266, 270–71, 272, 274

demonization in campaigning413–14

demonstrations318–19, 323

Denk
cleavages257
consociationalism66–67
descriptive representation of marginalized groups502–3, 506
moral issues346
party choice429–30
party organization464–66, 469
party system442
voting behaviour268, 272, 274–75

departmental boards142–43

depillarization
cause of67–53
decline of cleavages254–56
elite interactions post-depillarization68–71
media and531–32
Muslim community66–67
nature of60, 65–67
party choice420, 421–22, 427
party organizations462, 470
party system440, 441, 442–43
political support300–1
post-9/1136–37
public opinion283–84

descriptive representation of marginalized groups
concepts and theories on497–98
development of501f
disability504, 506
ethnic diversity502–3, 506
explaining505–8
historically underrepresented groups505
intersectionality505–6
introduction495–97
levels of499
LGBT503–4, 506
macro level497, 506–7
meaning477
meso level497, 507
micro level497, 507–8
Minority Integration Survey499
percentage of seats per party/group501f
recent percentages500t
religious diversity502–3
research avenues508–9
voting rights498–99
women499–502, 506

digitalization
innovation policy790
municipal politics168–69
political participation327
welfare state85 See also social media

dikastocracy125, 133

dike reeve197

diploma democracy523, 619

disability504, 506 See also descriptive representation of marginalized groups

disability insurance77, 78

disease prevention682, 687–89, 692

disinformation414–15, 416–17

diversification of Dutch society750–51, 751f

Documentation Centre for Dutch Political Parties (DNPP)463

domestic security See security policy

Domestic Security Agency (BVD)34, 35

Downsian model of public spending488

drugs
drug trafficking235
foreign policy772–73

dualism2, 105–6, 112–13, 161

Dutch Agricultural Board697–98, 700, 702, 703–4

Dutch Caribbean
citizenship categories351–54, 352t, 358
political relations226–28, 232–34

Dutch Christian Employers’ Confederation (NCW)254

Dutch East India Company (1602–1799)226–27

Dutch East Indies
citizenship categories351–54, 352t, 356, 357–58

Dutchification of party politics420–21, 444

Dutch Medical Association681

Dutch miracle647, 655

Dutch Parliamentary Election Survey (DPES)288, 301, 311, 517

Dutch Parliamentary Study (DPS)517

Dutch Republic See Republic of the United Netherlands (1648–1795

Dutch Safety Board596–97

Dutch West India Company (1621–1792)226–27

Economic and Monetary Union635

economic policy
budget deficits, Controlling
Kok Government634
Lubbers Governments633–34
Budget Space Study Group636
Covid-19 pandemic630, 633, 636
developments in fiscal policy
Balkenende Governments (2002–10)631–32
Kok Governments (1994–2002)631–32
Lubbers Governments (1982–94)630–31
macroeconomic policy630
Rutte Governments (2010–23)632–33
Dutch economy629, 631f
Economic and Monetary Union635
European debt crisis630, 632–33
global financial crisis 2008630, 632
health care642
introduction628–29
National Growth Fund635
politics of fiscal policy
controlling the deficit (1982–94)633–34
end of trend-based fiscal policy (2017–21)635–36
future research641–44
limits of trend-based budgetary policy (2002–17)635
trend-based fiscal policy (1994–2021)634–35
social protection642
structural policy reforms636–41
housing market reform636–38, 643
pension reform638–41, 643–44
Ukraine war energy crisis630, 633, 636

Education Council671

education policy
citizenship education673
constructive education politics667
denomination of pupils in primary education665f
Education Council671
education governance632–33, 664–66
freedom of education665–66, 669–71
future research agenda675–76
government funding for denominational primary education48
Inspectorate for Education671
managerialism (1982–2002)667–68
New Public Management667–68
pacification665, 666
party manifestos671–73
pay up shut up (1917–61)666–67
pillarization666–67
population attainment levels7, 520–23
public funding of private schools665
re-politicizing education (2002–20)668–70
research673–75
school boards664–65, 670–71
state ambitions (1962–82)667
transparency of educational outcomes669

Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648)26–27, 226–27

elections
abolition399
candidate lists388
combined lists393
compulsory turnout392
development of391–94
distribution of seats390
European Parliament320–21, 321f, 387, 388
first televised parliamentary election4–6
frequency107
House of Representatives320, 321, 387–88
introduction387
municipal governments160–61, 320, 387, 388
open questions397–99
organization of388–89
party participation389
producing representation398
proportional representation391, 396
provinces197, 198–202, 200f, 201t, 320, 387, 388
right to stand as candidate391–92
Senate387, 388, 392–93
suffrage387, 391–92
trust398–99
water authorities197–98, 320, 387, 388

electoral circles388

Electoral Council389

electoral democracy, advent of (1880–1917)44–46, 47

electoral districts388

electoral replacement522

electoral system
consequences of395–96
democratic reform policy800, 801–2
electoral circles388
Electoral Council389
electoral districts388
evaluation of396–97
fragmentation396
largest remainders391
studying394–97

electoral volatility423, 424f, 430–32

electronic voting393–94

elite cooperation57, 63–65
cartel democracy71
origins64–65
social control63–64

elite interactions after pillarization68–71
homogeneous society68
populism68

employers in policymaking612–13

employment contracts650–53

employment protection legislation650, 658–59, 660–61

employment rates649, 650–51, 651f, 656f, 659–60, 659f

Enschede fireworks factory explosion (2000)595

environment and agricultural policy699–700, 701

environmental technology788

environmental transitions715

ethics and innovation policy790

Ethiopia and Eritrea738

ethnic diversity502–3, 506
changes in11
May 19635
November 20236 See also descriptive representation of marginalized groups

Ethnic Minorities Policy754

ethnography151–52

‘Europe 2020’ strategy787

European Alliance30

European collective security29–30

European Community27

European debt crisis630, 632–33

European Immigration Pact (2022)757–58

European integration See European Union

European Lisbon Strategy (2000)787

European Refugee Crisis (2013–16)757

European Union
agenda interaction with551
agricultural policy698–99, 707
Constitutional Treaty, rejection of215, 219
costs of membership of the EU211
Dutch Caribbean234–35
Dutch politics in the EU
Brexit, impact of212–13
facts and figures210–12
influence in the EU212–14
EU in Dutch politics214–16
European Parliament elections320–21, 321f, 387, 388
Euroscepticism210, 215–16, 219
foreign policy and770, 774
health care governance682–83
introduction209–10
municipal governments and170
public opinion and288–89, 289f, 290f
research
research agenda220–21
role of the EU in the Netherlands218–19
role of the Netherlands in the EU216–18
security policy and
Common Foreign and Security Policy736
Common Security and Defence Policy733, 734–36
European Defence Community735
European Security and Defence Policy585–736

Euroscepticism210, 215–16, 219

euthanasia, morality of
active voice335–36
changing conditions in society346–47
development of339–41
front runner in change336–37
introduction335
issue definition343–44
legalization of336–37
path dependency344–45
public opinion288–89, 289f, 290f, 292
two worlds approach345

Evangelical People’s Party (EVP)441

executive board
municipal governments160–61, 165–67
provinces196
water authorities197

executive-legislative relations105–6, 112–14

executive politics
accountability politics146t, 150
budgetary politics145–46, 146t
bureaucratic politics145
cabinet140–42
coalition leaders meeting149
conclusions153–54
core executive, meaning of141–45
court politics146t, 149–50
departmental boards142–43
executive politics in motion151
interpretive political science and ethnography151–52
introduction140–41
key institutions142f
knavery152–53
ministerial advisers144
ministerial departments142–43, 143t
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate147
Ministry of Finance143, 145–46
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Defence144
Ministry of General Affairs143
Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment147
Ministry of Security and Justice146–47
new directions for research151–53
parliamentary scrutiny150
political assistants144
politics of money153
Prime Minister142
Prime Minister’s Office143
public service delivery and regulatory agencies144–45
Secretaries Board142–43
secretary-generals142–43
senior civil service144
shadow politicians149
silo politics146t, 148–49
state secretaries142
Top Management Group144
turf politics146t, 146–48
types of145–51, 146t

executive speeches543–44

external consultants, use of410–12

extremist organizations33

fair trial, right to

family migration750, 760–61

Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB)
agricultural policy702
consociationalism50–51
parliamentary politics108
party choice432
party organization469
party system442
populism50–51, 368, 375, 378–79
provincial politics199–202, 201t, 202f
public opinion dynamics287
social cleavages257

Farmers Defence Force700

Farmers’ Party
campaigning403–4
moral issues341, 342
political support300–1
populism370–71

Federation of Dutch Trade Unions (FNV)254, 566

feminist mobilization83

financial account-holding standards581

financing the monarchy102

first-generation citizen participation318–19, 324

flexible working650–52

floods of 1953598

Foreign Intelligence Service (IDB)34

foreign orientals356, 357–58

foreign policy
adapting to geopolitical changes770–73
hard power in New World Order770–71
New World Order770
soft power in New World Order772–73
Afghanistan776–77
Brexit773
Cold War768–71, 774–75, 776
collective resignations from government776
colonial empire768–69
concluding observations777–78
cybersecurity771
defence spending770–71, 772
domestication of773–76
drug production and export772–73
European integration770, 774
G7 framework774
G20/22 group769–70
geopolitical and geo-economic context768–70
globalization774, 778
Hirshi Ali affair776
hosting multilateral conferences772
introduction765–66
Iraq War771, 775
iron triangle765–66
literature on766–68
agenda-setting767
decision making767
implementation, V45P7
material capabilities770–71
middle powers769–70
narco-state772–73
NATO768–69, 770–71
neutrality765, 768–69
New Hanseatic League773
peacekeeping operations771, 772, 775
politicization of776–77
racism773
Srebrenica massacre (1995)771, 775, 776
tax haven status772
Ukraine768–69, 777–78
West New Guinea776

formateur477–80

Fortuyn, Pim2–3, 36–37, 50–51, 286, 372–73, 414, 428–29, 669–70, 756, 776

Forum for Democracy (FVD)
campaigning406, 407, 410–12, 415
consociationalism66, 70
European integration210, 215–16, 219
foreign policy773–74, 776
moral issues341–42
party choice431–32
party organization464, 466–67, 469
party system441
populism368, 371, 374–75
provincial politics199–202, 201t
voting behaviour269, 274, 275

fossil fuel subsidies713

fragmentation2, 8
agricultural policy704
institutional fragmentation615–16
party choice423–24
party system442–44, 451

freedom of education665–66, 669–71

freedom of information580–81

Freedom Party (PVV)
campaigning406, 407, 410
changing political processes4, 9
citizenship360
coalition politics477
consociationalism70
descriptive representation of marginalized groups504
economic policy635
education policy672
European integration215–16, 219
foreign policy773–74, 776
immigration policy756–57
judicial politics128–29, 131–32
party choice428–29, 431–32
party organization464–68, 469
party system441, 449
political relations231
populism368, 371, 374–75, 376–77
provincial politics199, 200–2
public opinion dynamics286
substantive representation513, 520
voting behaviour269, 272, 274

Freethinking Democratic League (VDB)461

French Declaration of the Rights of Man of 178928–29

French invasion of 179528–29

funnel of causality426–28

G7 framework774

G20/22 group769–70

gender
immigration policy and760–61
welfare state, evolution of83–84

General League of Roman-Catholic Caucuses (ABRK)461

genetic engineering, morality of340

Gereformeerde Church249, 251, 256

global financial crisis 2008630, 632

globalization
foreign policy774, 778
innovation policy794

governing structure, Changes in11t

grand coalition57, 58t

Great Pacification (1917)
consociationalism56, 59–60, 63, 64
educational policy252, 665, 666
welfare state, evolution of76

green front697–98

greenhouse gas emissions710, 711, 713–16, 717t, 719–20
cap on emissions715
emissions trading715
voluntary emission reduction agreements712–13, 714, 715

GreenLeft (GL)
agricultural policy705–6
campaigning408–9, 410–12
descriptive representation of marginalized groups499–501, 502–3
education policy672, 673
European integration216
party choice424, 429, 431
party organization466–68, 469
party system440, 446–48
provincial politics200–1
social cleavages256
voting behaviour266, 269, 274

Group of States against Corruption (GRECO)129–30

guest workers753–54

guided wage policy648–49

head of government98–99

head of state100, 101

health care governance
boundaries of publicly financed health care687
centralization681–82
consensual style of health care politics683–84
cost control685–87, 692
Covid-19 pandemic690–91
disease prevention682, 687–89, 692
Dutch Medical Association681
economic policy and642
EU initiatives682–83
evolution in political arena681–83
for-profit health care680
globalization of health care governance693
health insurance680, 684–85, 689
health promotion682, 687–89, 692
health technology assessment687
hospital budgeting686
hybrid structure of health care679–81
Integral Care Agreement683–84, 687
market reform (2006)689–90
National Covenant on Alcohol688–89
New Public Management689
not-for-profit health care680
Pharmaceutical Accountability Foundation682
Q-fever epidemic (2010)688
regulated competition686–87
research themes692–93
Sick Fund684–85
tobacco control688
universal access684–85, 692
vaccination programmes688
voting behaviour691
water fluoridation688

health insurance79, 680, 684–85, 689

health promotion682, 687–89, 692

health technology assessment687

hereditary succession102

High Council of West–Indian Possessions354

high-profile social cleavages, Changes in11

Hirshi Ali affair776

historical development
consociationalism56–72
national security state25–37
style of Dutch politics since 180040–53
welfare state74–85

Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for R&D787

hospital budgeting686

House of Representatives
elections320, 321, 387–88, 403
number of parties in425f
parliamentary politics106–7, 108–9
political groupings8

House of Thorbecke183

housing market reform636–38, 643

human rights and judicial politics126, 127

ideological congruence517–19, 521

immigration policy
asylum757–58
civic integration755–56, 761
Ethnic Minorities Policy754
European Immigration Pact (2022)757–58
European Refugee Crisis (2013–16)757
guest workers753–54
historical summary752t
import brides760–61
Integration Policy ‘New Style’ (2003)756, 760–61
interpreting policy dynamics758–61
gender and sexuality760–61
policy paradigm shifts and crisis politics759
populism, rise of747, 760
introduction765–66
meaning of ‘immigrant policies’748
meaning of ‘migration policies’748
Modern Migration Policy (2013)757
Multicultural Tragedy755
pillarization and754
policy paradigms751–58
liberal regime for multicultural society (1975–90)753–54
mainstreaming (2012–22)756–58
policy system at breaking point (2022–present)758
policy tightening (1990–2000)754–55
politicization (2000–12)755–56
recruiting abroad to sustain reconstruction (1945–75)751–53
populism and50–51
research agenda761–62
societal context
asylum migration749
diversification of Dutch society750–51, 751f
family migration750, 760–61
labour migration750
Netherlands and the world748–50
postcolonial migration749
South Moluccas753
statistics (1950–2021)749f
Suriname753, 754
types of migration750f
Ukraine758

import brides760–61

income levels
substantive representation and520–23

income redistribution
public opinion288–89, 289f, 290f

indigenous peoples357–58

Indonesia
citizenship categories353, 358–59
political relations227, 228

industrialization63

inequality
citizenship status15
education policy667
health care governance691
municipal politics171
policymaking619
political participation15, 327–28, 329, 330, 332
political relations233–34
substantive representation521, 524–25
wealth inequality7
welfare state84

influence of citizens
on local politics and policy324–25
on politics and policy321–24 See also public opinion dynamics

innovation policy
animal experiments790
artificial intelligence790
Atomic State784
biomedical technology790
Clean Technology Programme788
constructive technology assessment789–90, 791–92
democratization of innovation policy788–90
economy-focused innovation policy786–90
economic growth786–88
economy-focused innovation788
national competitiveness786–88
society-focused innovation788
environmental technology788
ethics790
‘Europe 2020’ strategy787
European Lisbon Strategy (2000)787
globalization794
holistic innovation policy792–93
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for R&D787
introduction765–66
market failures786
mission- oriented policy787
policy memorandum on Technological Innovation (1979)785–86, 788–89
Rathenau Instituut789
regulation and institutionalization of innovation policy790
researching innovation politics791–92
research questions792–94
Science Dynamics programme785
selective growth785
society-focused innovation policy783–86
democratization of science and technology784
innovation policy domain785–86
politicization of science and technology784
storm surge barrier784
strategic autonomy787–88
sustainability793–94
system failures787
transformative innovation792
Wagner Committee (1981)786

input legitimacy304, 305–6, 308–9, 310

Inspectorate for Education671

Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance407

institutional participation318–19, 323, 326f

Integral Care Agreement683–84, 687

Integration Policy ‘New Style’ (2003)756, 760–61

intensive farming696–97, 700

interactive policymaking802–3

Interest of the Netherlands (BVNL)368, 375

interest representation
academic insights563–67
exercise of influence565–66
interest mobilization and maintenance563–64
organizational environment of interest communities564–65
patchwork of findings567
political and policy outcome stage566–67
citizen lobbyists560–61
civil society organizations561–62
concertation561, 568–69
corporatism561, 568–69
corporatist intermediation562–63
evolving nature of560–63
historical roots561–62
introduction559–60
lobby strategies565–66
middle- staged lobbying565–66, 569–70
networks of political and societal elites569
new modes of mobilization569–70
Polder model559, 562–63
research agenda570–71

intermunicipal cooperation178, 179, 180, 181–82, 183–87

international security See security policy

International Security Assistance Force733–34

International Security Strategy (2013)726

Inter-Parliamentary Union499

interpretive political science151–52

interwar period (1914–1940)
national security and32–34

Iraq War
foreign policy771, 775

iron triangle703–4, 705–6, 765–66

issue management620

issue networks704–5

issue publics model284

JA21
party organization469
party system441
populism368
voting behaviour274–75

Java354

jihadist activities since 9/11728–29, 730

job security650

Joint Implementation714–15

judicial neutrality128–29

judicial politics
autonomous model of law and politics124
court decisions on political issues and controversies132–34
dikastocracy125, 133
future of134–37
interventionism130–34
introduction124–25
judicial interference in matters of public policy133
judicial interference with political processes131–32
judicial review and executive discretion127
judicial review and political constitutionalism126–27
politically aloof judges128–30
politics and the judiciary126–30
research areas134–37
respectful and restrained politicians130
sub judice principle128

judicial review
executive discretion and127
political constitutionalism and126–27

Kingdom of Holland27, 28–29

kings See monarchs

king’s commissioners161, 196

knavery152–53

Knowledge Center for Policy and Regulation622

Koekoek, Hendrik370–71

Kok Governments (1994–2002)
economic policy631–32, 634
vote-centric democratic reforms800

Kosovo733

Labour Foundation648–49

labour market policy
active labour market policies647, 650, 654, 655–56, 656f, 657–58, 660–61
collective bargaining647, 648–49, 652–53, 654, 655–56, 659
comparative perspective of policies and industrial relations654–57
Covid-19 pandemic653
Dutch miracle647, 655
employment protection legislation650, 658–59, 660–61
employment rates649, 650–51, 651f, 656f, 659–60, 659f
flexible working650–52
future questions and challenges660–61
guided wage policy648–49
historical overview648–53
introduction647–48
job security650
key actors648f
Labour Foundation648–49
labour market outcomes, impact on657–60
minimum wage658
Mondriaan agreement652
NOW measure653
public employment service649, 650
scope of647
so-called solo self-employed652–53
Social and Economic Council648–49, 653
social insurance650
spending on labour market policies651f
standard and non-standard employment contracts650–53
trade unions, impact of policies on651–52
Wassenaar agreement649
working population by employment relation652f
WRR Report 1990: ‘A Working Perspective’649–50, 657
WRR Report 2020: ‘Better Work’653, 657

labour migration750

Labour Party (PvdA)
campaigning410
coalition politics477
cost of ruling425–26
descriptive representation of marginalized groups499–501, 502–4
economic policy631–32, 637–38
education policy670, 673
European integration214, 215
foreign policy776–77
labour market policy649–50
media and530–31
moral issues340
party choice421, 422, 422f, 423, 426–27, 428, 431
party organization459, 463–64, 466–69
party system438, 440, 441, 442–43, 445–48, 449–50, 451
populism371, 372, 374
provincial politics200–1, 202f
social cleavages255, 256, 260
substantive representation517–18, 520
voting behaviour264, 268, 269, 270–71, 272, 274, 275
welfare state76–78

land use and climate change720

Lebanon738

left-nationalist voters, underrepresentation of519–20

left-right dimension in public opinion284–85, 287, 288–92, 291f, 429

legal accountability See accountability

legislative agendas549–50

legitimacy beliefs of citizens299–300

LGBT503–4, 506 See also descriptive representation of marginalized groups

liberal and constitutional age (1848–80)43–44

liberal-democratic state (1848–1914)
national security and30–32

liberal party family438, 439–40 See also Democrats 66 (D66); See also People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD)

liberal-religious coalition48

Liberal Union (LU)461, 462

libertarianism–authoritarianism public opinion284–86, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 429

Lijphart, Arend1–2, 40, 41, 48–49
cartel democracy71
consociational democracy56–57, 58–59, 338
rules of the game56

List Pim Fortuyn (LPF)
campaigning403–4, 406
consociationalism70
descriptive representation of marginalized groups503
European integration215
foreign policy773–74
immigration policy756
party choice428–29, 431
party organization469
party system441, 446, 449, 451
populism372, 373–74
substantive representation513

Liveable Netherlands (LN)371–72

lobbying565–66, 569–70 See also interest representation

localism31

local-level citizen participation318–19, 323t, 324–25

long-term care insurance77, 79

Lubbers Governments (1982–94)
economic policy630–31, 633–34

Lubbers, Ruud49–51, 630–31

macroeconomic policy630

male breadwinner–female carer model74, 77–78

Mali738–39, 740

managerial politics (1967–2002)49–50
Christian–liberal coalition (1982)49–50
neo-liberalism49–50
political mobilization49–50
populism versus50–52
provos49
religious pillars, demise of49

Manifesto Project452

manifestos407, 671–73

marginalized groups See descriptive representation of marginalized groups

marketization of the welfare state79

mass politics, advent of (1880–1917)44–46

May 19634–6

mayors160–61, 167, 185, 186, 584

media
agenda-setting534–35
campaigning and408–9, 416–17
introduction529–30
mediatized politics530–34
media logic533–34
political logic530–31
public logic531–32
politicians and social media533, 535–39
conflictual communication538
humorous communication538–39
interactive communication536–37
interconnected communication537
personalized communication536
targeted communication537–38
politicians and traditional media impact534–35
research avenues539–40
televised debates409

Members of Parliament105, 106, 115–16

mercy killings See euthanasia

methodological pluralism112–17

Michigan Model427f, 427–28, 430

microtargeting413, 416–17

middle powers769–70

military police service, establishment of32

minimum wage77, 78, 638–39, 658

ministerial advisers144

Ministerial Conference on Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change (1989)711

ministerial departments142–43, 143t

ministerial responsibility580

Minority Integration Survey499

minority veto57, 58t

Mobilization for the Environment (MOB)
nitrogen oxide policy701–2

mobilization model of participation329

modernization theory75, 76

Modern Migration Policy (2013)757

monarchical politics
abdication102
authoritarian to power-sharing monarchy92–97
Batavian Republic (1795–1806)91–92
Batavian Revolution (1794–99)91
constitutional monarchy (1814–40)92–93
constitutional monarchy (post-war to present)97–99
constitutions See constitutions
contemporary Dutch politics99–102
ethical conduct101
financing of the monarchy102
future of the monarchy102–3
head of government98–99
head of state100, 101
hereditary succession102
monarchs See monarchs
permission to marry102
republic to monarchy91–92
Royal Household102
special arrangements and privileges102
States-General91, 92
veto powers97–98

monarchs
King William I (1815–40)29, 37, 43, 92, 93
King William II (1840–49)93–94
King William III (1849–90)94–95
King William-Alexander I (2013–present)97
Prince William of Orange (1813–15)91
Queen Beatrix (1980–2013)97–98
Queen Juliana (1948–1980)97–98, 101
Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948)96, 227
Queen-Regent Emma (1890–98)96

monarchy, dawn of (1813–1848)28–30

Mondriaan agreement652

monism2–3, 105–6, 161

monitorial citizens330

moral issues
citizens’ initiative346
definition of337–38
development of
1945–1967: consociationalism338
1967–1981: polarization338–39
1981–1993: consociationalism339–40
1994–2001: polarization340
2001–present340–42
front runners in change335–37
future research
changing conditions in society346–47
changing party system346
new forms of democracy346
polarization347–48
research insights342–45
issue definition343–44
path dependency344–45
two worlds approach345