
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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Definition of a Cleavage Definition of a Cleavage
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Divides in the Netherlands Divides in the Netherlands
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The Emergence of Divides: Revolutions in the Netherlands The Emergence of Divides: Revolutions in the Netherlands
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National Revolutions National Revolutions
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Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution
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The Politicization and Institutionalization of Cleavages The Politicization and Institutionalization of Cleavages
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The Decline of Cleavages The Decline of Cleavages
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Depillarization Depillarization
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Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research
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References References
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Appendix Institutionalized Segmentation in the Netherlands Appendix Institutionalized Segmentation in the Netherlands
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15 Classic Dutch Cleavages and Voting Behaviour
Get accessGalen A. Irwin, Professor emeritus at the Institute of Political Science, Leiden University
Joop J. M. van Holsteyn, Professor at the Institute of Political Science, Leiden University
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Published:23 January 2025
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Abstract
Lipset and Rokkan considered national and industrial revolutions to be the main sources of cleavages. The Netherlands experienced three national revolutions: the revolution for independence (1568–1648), the Patriot/Batavian Revolution (1786–1806), and the Belgian Revolution (1830–1831). These revolutions produced a cleavage that led to the separation of the Netherlands and Belgium, and within the Netherlands produced a religious cleavage between Catholics and Protestants. The Industrial Revolution did not so much produce a class cleavage in the Netherlands as exacerbate differences that already existed. The Netherlands was virtually an ideal type of institutionalized cleavages that became well known as Verzuiling or pillarization. This contribution shows how the Dutch pillars developed and included cleavage organizations for virtually all areas of life, from cradle to grave, and including political parties. However, in the 1960s, the pillar system began to break down and the old cleavage structure is now basically defunct, as can be shown by the irrelevance of this structure for contemporary voting behaviour.
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