
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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The ‘National Question’ and Communism The ‘National Question’ and Communism
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The Status of Nagorno‐Karabakh The Status of Nagorno‐Karabakh
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The Chechen Crisis and the Russian Federation The Chechen Crisis and the Russian Federation
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War and Ethnic Cleansing in South Ossetia and Abkhazia War and Ethnic Cleansing in South Ossetia and Abkhazia
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Crisis and Genocide in Yugoslavia Crisis and Genocide in Yugoslavia
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War in Croatia 1990–5 War in Croatia 1990–5
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War and Genocide in Bosnia‐Hercegovina War and Genocide in Bosnia‐Hercegovina
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The Kosovo Crisis The Kosovo Crisis
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Violence, Cynicism, and Post‐Communist Identities Violence, Cynicism, and Post‐Communist Identities
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Further Reading Further Reading
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25 Genocide and Population Displacement in Post‐Communist Eastern Europe
Get accessCathie Carmichael is a Senior Lecturer in European History at the University of East Anglia. She is author of Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans (2002) and Genocide before the Holocaust (2009), co‐editor of Language and Nationalism in Europe (2000) with the late Stephen Barbour, and co‐author of Slovenia and the Slovenes (2000) with James Gow.
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Published:18 September 2012
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Abstract
Between 1990 and 2010, the political map of the Balkans and Caucasus changed as Communist regimes collapsed and border disputes escalated. Some of the most bitter conflicts were in areas where there were mixed populations with large ‘minority’ populations that did not recognize potential changes in their borders (Russians in Chechnya or Serbs in Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo). Religious identities, heavily repressed during the Communist era, became a defining part of the rejection of that system. A revival of militant Islamism after the success of Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran in 1979 radicalized politics in both the Balkans and the Caucasus. In the former Yugoslavia, Serb nationalists claimed that they were fighting against Islamic encroachment, which became effectively a self-fulfilling prophecy after 11 September 2001. Successionists and politicians eager to redraw boundaries cynically exploited the idea of an ideological purpose and traditional identities under threat to motivate and legitimize armed resistance.
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