
Contents
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The Ottoman Context The Ottoman Context
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Ethnic Cleansing of Greeks and Bulgarians Ethnic Cleansing of Greeks and Bulgarians
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The Armenian Reform Scheme The Armenian Reform Scheme
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World War I World War I
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Nestorians Nestorians
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Armenians Armenians
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Initial Deportations Initial Deportations
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Armenian Property Armenian Property
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The Second Wave of Deportations The Second Wave of Deportations
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The Third Wave of Deportations The Third Wave of Deportations
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The Lower Euphrates The Lower Euphrates
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The Death Toll The Death Toll
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The Aftermath The Aftermath
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Further Reading Further Reading
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18 Genocide at the Twilight of the Ottoman Empire
Get accessHilmar Kaiser received his PhD from the European University Institute, Florence, Italy. He specializes in Ottoman social and economic history with a special emphasis on the Armenian Genocide. Currently he works and lives in Ankara, Turkey.
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Published:18 September 2012
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Abstract
This article considers the development of the genocide in the context of wider Ottoman demographic policies and late Ottoman history. World War I saw the almost complete annihilation of the Ottoman Armenians. The Armenian deportations were not the result of an Armenian rebellion. On the contrary, Armenians were deported when no danger of outside interference existed. Thus Armenians near front lines were often slaughtered on the spot and not deported. The deportations were not a security measure against rebellions but depended on their absence. The initial deportations resembled earlier measures against Greeks, Nestorians, and Zionists. The assimilation of Armenian children and women overwhelmed the state's resources and local Muslim initiative became decisive. Nevertheless, far too many Armenians still survived and reached the lower Euphrates. Armenian resilience and a series of survival strategies as well as undercover relief work made this survival possible.
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