
Contents
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The Historical Context: Hedonic Psychology in the 1980s The Historical Context: Hedonic Psychology in the 1980s
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Endowment and Contrast: A Personal History Endowment and Contrast: A Personal History
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Applying the Endowment–Contrast Decomposition Applying the Endowment–Contrast Decomposition
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Endowment and Contrast Generalized Endowment and Contrast Generalized
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Extensions of the Endowment–Contrast Model Extensions of the Endowment–Contrast Model
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A preference for happy endings A preference for happy endings
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The relation between wage rates and job satisfaction The relation between wage rates and job satisfaction
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The Contrast–Empathy model of social comparison The Contrast–Empathy model of social comparison
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The affective Endowment–Contrast model The affective Endowment–Contrast model
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Applications of the Endowment–Contrast Model to Real-Life Experiences Applications of the Endowment–Contrast Model to Real-Life Experiences
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Utility versus Well-Being, Choice versus Judgment Utility versus Well-Being, Choice versus Judgment
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On the assessment of well-being: the role of endowment and contrast On the assessment of well-being: the role of endowment and contrast
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Concluding Remarks Concluding Remarks
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References References
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31 Heaven on Earth: Beneficial Effects of Sanctification for Individual and Interpersonal Well-being
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4 The Endowment–Contrast Model: A Lens for Happiness research
Get accessDale W. Griffin, Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Richard Gonzalez, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Published:01 August 2013
Cite
Abstract
The Endowment–Contrast (EC) model was developed to account for the observation that past experiences have a dual effect on current well-being: directly, through an endowment mechanism, and indirectly, through a contrast mechanism. The EC model can be seen as an antidote to simpler approaches to “maximizing happiness.” Happiness is not just about the choices we make, it also reflects how these choices are remembered, represented, and consumed. According to the EC model, life satisfaction is constructed from a combination of the hedonic valence of events (endowments), and the standards against which we evaluate the events (contrasts). The model is different from other adaptation-based models of well-being, and from the related “mood as information” approach. Examples illustrate the application of the EC model to a variety of current trends and controversies in well-being research, and to explain why so many individual choices do not increase life satisfaction.
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