The Oxford Handbook of Pensions and Retirement Income
Gordon L. Clark (ed.)
et al.
Published online:
02 September 2009
Published in print:
20 July 2006
Online ISBN:
9780191577208
Print ISBN:
9780199272464
Contents
End Matter
Index
-
Published:July 2006
Annotate
Cite
'Index', in Gordon L. Clark, Alicia H. Munnell, and J. Michael Orszag (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Pensions and Retirement Income (2006; online edn, Oxford Academic, 2 Sept. 2009), https://doi.org/, accessed 6 May 2025.
Subject
Business and Management
Series
Oxford Handbooks
Collection:
Oxford Handbooks Online
859Index
Figures, notes and tables are indexed in bold e.g. 90f, 215n, 123t. When more than one table appears on the same page they are labeled a and b.
- 1/n strategy608
- 401 (k)plans (USA)21, 109, 111, 203, 331, 362–363, 365–366, 366f, 367–369, 369f, 375, 377, 385–386, 457, 508, 513, 586, 606, 608, 610–612, 706–707, 731, 732, 733, 805
- Aaron-Samuelson condition269
- Aaronson, Stephanie734
- AASB 119 (Australia)532
- Abel, Andrew B.565
- Abrahams, Katharine G.726
- Abrams, Charles598n
- accident insurance763
- accountability489–491
- Achenbaum, A.39
- active selection569–570
- actuarial-based systems130, 146, 284, 402, 508, 511, 521, 524, 530, 537, 565, 843 See also public pensions
- balance501–502
- management828
- public pensions268–287
- reforms327f(b)
- tables521
- Adams, Scott J.728
- Administradores de Fondos de Pensiones (AFPs) (Chile)586
- advanced funded systems502
- adviser-client relationship648f
- Affect, A.403
- ageing722, 843
- medical ethics640
- normal640–641
- Age Discrimination Act (1986) (USA)731
- age-adjusted rebates (UK)371
- age/risk relationship197
- aged poor (UK)39
- Agnew, Julie608
- agriculture, decline44
- Agulnik, P.243
- Ainslie, George610
- Aizcorbe, Ana M.634n
- Akerloff, George A.386
- Alcon, Arnaa135
- Alderson, M.408
- Alesina, A.150
- Algeria130
- allocative efficiency213
- Alonso, W.112
- Alternative Secured Pension (UK)376
- Alzheimer's disease641
- Ando, Albert626
- André, Christopher627
- Andrews, Emily S.377n
- Andrietti, V.109
- Anglo-Saxon countries18, 19, 24, 78–79, 83–84, 86–89, 90f, 94, 179, 208, 210, 488, 492, 495, 505–507, 509, 517, 685, 692, 694, 704, 767, 771, 841
- Anker, Richard129
- annuities6, 22, 35, 73, 88, 111, 128, 130, 134, 145, 232, 249, 286, 365, 376, 377, 504, 511, 513, 514, 519, 544, 563, 573, 574t, 575, 580, 588, 595, 633, 754, 756, 812
- nominal payouts573
- products577–578
- regulations578–579
- taxation572–573
- Apelt, Linda635n
- Apgar, William C.625
- Argentina70–73, 134, 232, 247, 248, 260, 381–382, 587, 590, 663, 665, 666, 667, 668, 670, 673, 677, 679, 785, 786, 787, 789, 792
- Argyle, M.644
- Arita, F.187
- Arnold, R. D.176
- Arnott, R.404
- Arnsperger, C.144
- Arrow, Kenneth J.728
- Arts, W.152
- Artus, P.198
- Ashe, Michael598n
- Ashenfelter, Orley736n
- Asset Liability Management (ALM):
- asset pricing models452
- assets82, 132, 174, 177, 179, 184, 192, 195, 203, 204, 207, 234, 236, 255, 257, 258, 259, 260, 260t, 280, 295, 343, 365, 374, 376, 408, 419, 420, 422, 424, 425, 427–428, 430, 431, 432, 437, 443, 445–446, 450–452, 456, 457, 459, 469, 470, 489, 491, 505, 506, 507, 510, 521, 523, 524–526, 528, 535, 549, 580, 586, 588, 619, 621, 623, 625, 754, 791, 848 See also pension funds strategic asset allocation See also tactical asset allocation
- allocations188–189, 189t, 190, 195–197, 210, 248, 257–258, 262, 264, 403, 411, 429, 441–452, 457, 463, 466t(a), 466t(b), 467t, 475, 507, 550, 556, 612, 614
- retirement818
- assortative mating136–137
- assumptions (financial reports):405–406
- Ausink, John333n
- Australia17, 34, 38, 39, 41, 42, 62, 63, 78, 83, 85, 89, 106, 123, 135, 204, 243, 247, 248, 249, 250, 257, 257t, 258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 273, 296, 360, 514, 515, 532, 574, 575, 586, 614, 623, 624, 627, 638, 694–695, 696, 842
- average premiums232
- average prices535
- backloading724–725
- Bach, J.855n
- Bader, V.486
- Bailey, J. V.467
- Bailliu, J.204
- Balan, David J.737n
- Balkans598
- Ball, R. M.83
- Banks, James576
- Barrell, Ray635n
- Barro, R.188
- Baron, John M.736n
- Bayesian methods452
- Bayly, C. A.15
- Beattie, R.176
- Beaujot, R.849
- Beckert, J.99
- Beebower, G. L.475
- behavioral finance198
- Bell, D.102
- Beltanski, L.689
- Benediktsson, Haukur C.585
- benefits4, 8, 9, 13, 15, 19, 42, 63, 73, 83, 86, 146–147, 151, 155, 156, 177, 178, 215, 224, 227, 233, 258, 259, 260t, 282, 297, 299, 303, 310, 317, 328, 364, 366–367, 387, 434, 436, 488, 489, 505, 510, 512, 516, 525, 526–527, 549, 564, 570, 585–586, 596, 705, 707, 712, 730, 741, 743, 746, 747, 749, 751, 754–755, 763, 795, 801, 824, 825, 844, 854 See also social security systems, benefits
- earned by husband86
- Latin America667–680
- phased withdrawal249
- portability591
- trade unions386–390
- uprating of overseas295–296
- Beneria, Lourdes130
- Bennett, P.694
- bereavement benefits (UK)294
- Berger, Mark C.736n
- Berger, S.764
- Berghahn, V. R.104
- Bernstein, Jared383
- Berry, Mike635n
- Bewley, Truman F.557
- Bhattacharya, S.461
- Bicksler, J.403
- bilateral contractual relationships494
- bills451
- Binstock. R. H.150
- biometrics515
- Bismarckian Continental systems78, 82–83, 90f, 91, 92f, 93, 275, 280, 686, 692, 761, 764, 765, 772, 773
- black women124
- Black, Dan A.736n
- Blanchet, D.188
- Blau, Francine D.130
- Blossfield, H. P.851
- Blue Cross plan (USA)347
- Blundell, Richard557
- Broadway, Robin565
- Boardman, Tom580
- Boccuti, C.340
- Boelhouwer, Peter634n
- Boender, C. G. J.418
- Bois, J.-P.43
- Bommier, A.193
- bonds22, 206, 207, 256, 264, 366, 402–403, 429, 432, 443, 446, 447, 450, 451, 452, 466, 470, 508, 545, 572, 625, 629, 841 See also governments, bonds
- rates22
- UK467
- bonuses587
- Bourdelais, P.39
- Bovenberg, L.154
- Bowers, H.408
- Bowie, D.478n
- Bowles, S.150
- Brady bonds679
- Brenner, R.104
- Breyer, F.151
- Brinson, G. P.475
- Britain See UK
- British Civil Service79–80
- British Post office Savings Bank38
- Brőder, A.22
- Brooks-Gunn, J.852
- Broverman, Samuel570
- Brown, Kyle N.396n
- Brown, R. L.234
- Brunner, Johann578
- Brydon, D.485
- Buchmueller, T.347
- Budd, A.15
- Buntin, M. B.347
- Burns, S.175
- Burundi785
- Butler, Gillian6
- buyback provisions827
- Byrne, J. P.216n
- Campbell, N.16
- Canada38, 39, 62, 63, 78, 83, 86, 87, 88, 91, 106, 123, 173, 174, 187, 188, 205, 228, 229, 273, 296, 303, 324, 325, 326, 327–328, 329, 331, 360, 399, 506, 507, 574, 577, 623, 627, 743, 744, 745, 748, 757, 770, 842
- Cancian, Maria136
- Cannon, Edmund573
- capacity See competence
- capital106, 174, 188, 206, 386, 485, 495, 504, 531, 597, 625, 666, 713
- funded pensions756–757
- markets151–152, 180, 192, 204–207, 214, 231, 236, 399–412, 545, 559, 677, 686, 833
- Latin America675–678
- systems, funded746
- Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)528
- Capital Market Line468
- capital-labor ratio173–174
- Caprio, G.206
- Card, David736n
- Cardinale, Mirko574
- care, long-term336–352
- care in the community (South Africa)822–823
- career-average formulas511
- Carhart, M.476
- Carmichael, Lorne736n
- Carpenter, J. W.476
- Carroll, T.406
- Carruth, A.554
- cartels207
- Case, Karl E.626
- Casey, B.89
- cash-pension trade-offs550
- Castellini, O.281
- Castles, F. G.154
- Catalan, M.206
- Catte, Pietro627
- Caussat, L.188
- caveat emptor491
- Central America233
- Cerny, Aleš559
- certainty-equivalent approach527–528
- Certificates of Deposit (CDs)207
- Chabane, Mohamed827
- Chapman, J.347
- charitable organizations15
- charities12
- Chaskiel, P.689
- Chen, V. Y.812
- Chi, I.810
- children851
- Chile71, 73, 134, 204–205, 209–210, 213, 232, 243, 247–248, 260, 281–382, 574, 586, 590, 598, 614, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668, 670, 673, 674, 675, 677–678, 679, 753, 754, 783, 785, 787, 789, 792, 823
- Cifuentes, R.204
- civil rights302
- Clark, Gordon L.11, 18, 20, 68, 78, 98, 100, 155, 393, 483, 484, 488, 489, 490, 497n, 498n, 503, 686, 694
- Clark-Murphy, Marilyn135
- class struggles151
- Claus, Iris634n
- clearing house592
- closed-end funds See investment, trusts
- Cobb-Douglas production function214
- codes of behavior502–503
- Coggin, T. D.473
- cognitive functions641–642
- Cohen, Randolph444
- Coile, Courtney333n
- collateral404
- collective actors151–152
- collective foundations690
- Compston, H.764
- Congressional Budget Office (USA)608
- Connell, M.686
- Connolly, E.263
- Consiglio, A.418
- consultation771–772
- consumption178, 193, 227, 263, 281, 547, 550–551, 575, 577, 580, 605, 625, 841
- life-cycle planning564–565
- contracts See employment, contracts
- contractual savings206 See also national savings See also savings
- contributions87, 109–110, 143, 146, 149, 176, 178–180, 188, 224–229, 231, 232, 233, 235, 247, 249, 258, 259, 260t, 263, 260, 268, 269, 273, 275, 280, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 294, 295, 303, 366, 376, 392, 417, 419–420, 426–427, 431, 433–435, 436, 437, 456, 463, 478, 504, 505, 506, 511, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526–527, 529, 543, 586, 587, 593, 595, 609, 613–614, 680, 693, 694, 741, 747, 748–749, 751, 753, 754, 763, 764, 805, 806, 819, 844, 847
- increasing428–429
- non-compliance670–671
- ‘coordinated market economies’106
- Cooley, T. F.768
- Cooper, R. W.404
- Copeland, Phillip C.732
- corporation tax547
- corporate equities631
- corporate pensions See occupational pensions
- Corsetti, G.206
- Corijn, M.849
- Costa, Dora L.716n
- costs14, 22, 24, 42, 91, 93, 109, 110, 164, 180, 204, 327f(a), 327f(b), 328f, 434, 515, 556, 591, 593, 598, 732, 852
- financial840
- health plans (USA)344–345
- living230–231
- provider591–592
- Court of Protection (UK)654–656
- Cox, Samuel H.580
- Craig, Lee68
- Croatia585
- Crocker, Keith J.579
- cross-generational transfers749–750
- Cuba665
- Cyprus228
- Czechoslovakia41
- Dammon, Robert M.447
- Daniel, K.472
- Dau, Ramadhani62
- Davidoff, Thomas565
- de Ferranti, D.793
- De Gier, Erik360
- De Soto, Hernandez818
- Deacon, B.686
- debt204, 206, 209, 230, 401, 411, 445–446, 514, 529, 556, 619, 621, 625
- government debt677
- public (Chile)677–678
- transition677
- deferred benefits71
- deficits (pensions) (UK)410f
- defined benefit plans (DB)19–20, 23, 61, 63, 71, 94, 109, 112, 131–132, 134, 147, 155, 175–177, 201, 233–236, 281, 284, 329, 359–378, 381, 385–387, 399, 429, 441–449, 496, 506, 507, 509–510, 512, 514, 518–519, 522, 528, 543, 549, 553–555, 558, 562, 575, 605, 664, 706–707, 714, 721, 724, 725, 729, 730, 731–734, 751, 763, 782, 807, 808, 825–828, 844 See also occupational pensions
- accounting521–537
- definition536
- finance223–239
- funding ratio509f
- unfunded524
- advantages/disadvantages368
- conversion trends365
- coverage statistics366
- defined contribution plans (DC)20, 99, 109, 112, 131–132, 134, 147, 148, 153, 155, 179, 201, 203, 211, 234, 236, 242, 246–250, 255–262, 264, 265, 359–378, 385, 399, 441–444, 446–447, 457, 477, 492, 493, 495, 496, 512–514, 519, 522, 543, 550, 554–555, 567, 584, 587, 606, 611, 614, 664, 705–706, 721, 731, 733, 734, 741, 753, 782, 800, 801, 825–827
- account simulations368
- advantages/disadvantages368
- coverage statistics366
- participant behaviour368
- del Popolo, F.783
- Demirgűç-Kunt, A.206
- demography163–181, 233, 241, 243, 247, 285, 286, 287, 584, 686, 702, 716, 721–722, 762, 792, 793, 807, 843, 848, 849
- costs23–24
- Denmark13, 16, 18, 34, 41, 42, 103, 108, 109, 111, 148, 247, 296, 329, 399, 504, 506, 507–508, 512, 761–762, 763, 766–767, 840, 841, 842, 846
- ‘deserving poor’13
- desire fulfillment theories644
- destitution See poverty
- developing countries781–795
- Devereux, Stephen62
- Dicks-Mireaux, L.205
- Dietze, G.494
- Dilnot, A.478n
- Diop, Ahmadou Yeri832
- Dirven, H.-J.492
- disability40, 80, 134, 278, 283, 318, 319, 322, 329, 330, 342, 351, 371, 385, 388, 502, 640, 708, 709, 714, 741, 743, 754, 763, 772, 791, 830, 839
- discount rate186, 188, 193, 277, 278, 368, 403, 418, 421, 422, 424, 428, 431–433, 525, 526, 527, 528, 531, 533, 534, 536, 565, 568, 569, 570, 572, 573, 574, 575, 577, 610, 613, 733, 751
- discounters556–557
- diseases, management639
- ‘diversified quality production’105
- divorcees133
- Djelic, M.-L.104
- Dobbelsteen, S.135
- Dolan, Alex635n
- Doling, John634n
- Dore, R.691
- dot.com bubble484
- Duncan, G.852
- Dupuy, J.-P.689
- ‘Duration Enhances Risk’ (DER)193–194
- Dus, Ivica575
- dynamic rebalancing421–422
- earnings224–225, 227, 233, 268, 502, 723, 727, 844 See also salaries See also wages
- gap850
- growth283
- profile725–726
- earnings-related supplementary pensions696
- Eckert, J.99
- Eckstein, Zvi565
- economic risks234–235
- economics33, 34 See also ageing, population
- Edmonds, E.788
- Edward, Alejandra Cox134
- Edwards, S.203
- efficient market theory393
- efficiency within the limits494
- efficiency wage386
- Egypt828
- Eichenbaum, Martin565
- elderly dependency ratio501
- eligibility315, 789 See also retirement age
- Elsinga, Marja634n
- Ely, J. H.498n
- Emmanuel, E. J.647
- Emmanuel, L. L.647
- emigrés294–295
- employer-sponsored retirement plans See occupational pensions
- employment16, 43, 62, 77, 99, 101, 102, 103, 106–107, 175, 204, 224, 225, 228, 330, 242, 280, 300, 351, 367, 369, 370, 530, 550, 671, 705, 708, 744, 794, 846, 853
- career152–153
- informal782
- long-term733
- relationship735
- taxes844
- temporary106–107
- Employment Outlook (OECD)108
- enduring power of attorney (EPA)655–656
- England See UK
- equality movements130
- equities35, 150, 188–189, 191, 197, 198, 205, 206, 207, 211, 229, 257, 264, 368, 374, 403, 406, 411, 423, 426, 429, 443–444, 450, 451, 459, 462, 466, 470, 476, 509, 510f, 528, 531, 545, 556, 588, 597, 628, 632, 841
- allocation409–410
- returns533–534
- Estienne, Jean-François61
- étatism766
- Europe15–16, 17, 18, 21, 24, 33, 35, 36, 39, 44, 62–63, 78, 82, 83, 100, 104, 110, 130, 141, 144, 150, 153, 155, 169, 197, 198, 208, 210, 212, 269, 275, 297, 313, 319, 336, 359, 370, 381, 388, 392, 485, 506, 507, 512, 513, 517, 588, 592, 594, 608, 609, 628, 638, 642, 684, 685, 686, 687, 691, 692, 694, 695, 697, 702, 704, 705, 708, 713, 715, 761, 766, 767, 770, 771, 773, 841, 847
- European Code of Social Security301
- European Commission306
- European Community300
- European Court of Human Rights300–301
- European Economic Area (EEA)299
- European social model694
- European Union (EU)109, 111, 154, 171, 293, 294, 295, 296, 306, 510, 519, 524, 533, 579, 595, 686, 697, 703–704, 705, 713, 714–715, 768
- exit484
- Fabozzi, F. J.473
- Faccio, M.208
- family7, 62, 121, 126, 133, 136, 137, 152, 172, 299, 760, 799, 832–833, 840, 841–842, 849, 852
- extended831
- fee-based advice592–593
- fees (pension funds)258–259
- Feldman, D.42
- Ferris, Shauna822
- Ferson, W.472
- finance15, 126, 213, 433, 489, 528, 537, 587, 655, 686
- behavioral263
- decision-making for older people638–657
- financial markets4, 11, 22, 24, 110, 179, 185, 196, 197, 205–208, 243, 249, 257, 365, 375, 404, 447, 496, 502, 549, 628
- consumer behavior598
- financial performances586
- Latin America677
- financial performances586
- Financial Services Act (1986) (UK)594
- Financial Services Authority (UK)491
- Financial Supervisory Authority (UK)593
- financial sustainability843
- first-world retirees21–22
- fiscal budgeting16
- fiscal coherence298
- Fixed Contribution Rate (FCR)147
- Fixed Replacement Rate (FRR)147
- Fletcher, Frank591
- Flora, P.770
- Fong, Wai Mun575
- Ford, Janet634n
- Fordism103
- foreign direct investment174
- foreign instruments678
- foreign investments257
- Fornero, E.281
- Fox, L.283
- fragmentation152–153
- France21, 36, 39, 43, 101, 106, 110, 144, 153, 187, 188, 191, 196, 223, 224, 232, 243, 269, 313, 326, 457, 459, 460, 608, 609, 623, 627, 692, 693, 694, 696, 703, 705, 708, 743, 744, 761, 763, 765, 766, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773–774
- ‘fraternal solidarity’143, 144, 150 See also social solidarity
- redistribution among pensioners151
- Frederick, Shane610
- Freedman, Vicki A.714
- Freeman, Richard B.385
- Friedman, Benjamin571
- front-loading charges591
- Frost, Peter A.453n
- funding (pensions)72, 99, 147, 164, 178, 180, 201–216, 226, 227, 230, 232, 260, 279, 283, 368, 400–403, 411, 441, 506, 507, 508, 756
- occupational pensions509–512
- underfunding430
- G-5205
- Gabel, J. R.345
- Galasso, V.154
- Gale, W.215n
- Galer, R.497n
- Galup, John L.818
- Gamet, L.692
- Garibaldi, P.854
- Gaunt, D.35
- gender6, 106, 121, 123t, 579 See also men See also women
- bias767–768
- discrimination306
- earnings gap129
- inequalities (Latin America)679–681
- labor force participation173
- generality See universality
- generations See intergenerations
- George, L. K.150
- Germany13, 18, 37, 40–41, 44, 101, 103, 105, 106, 108, 110, 147, 148, 153, 171, 177, 187, 223, 224, 232, 242, 243, 269, 281, 284, 286, 302, 313, 318, 318f, 319, 319f, 324–326, 326f, 329, 411, 457, 459, 460, 503–504, 505, 506, 511, 517, 596, 597, 623, 627, 692, 693, 703, 705, 713, 715, 722, 743, 744, 753, 754, 761, 763, 765, 766–767, 770, 771, 772, 774
- Gerrans, Paul135
- Gershuny, J.102
- Gersovitz, M.404
- Ghent, Linda S.710
- Ghent system766
- Gieselink, G.765
- gift exchange386
- Gigerenzer, G.22
- Gill, I. S.176, 586, 587, 667, 668, 669, 670, 672, 674, 675, 676, 677, 679, 680, 681n, 782, 789, 793
- gilt-edged securities696
- Gini coefficients742
- Ginsburg, P. B.345
- Girouard, Nathalie627
- Glaeser, E.150
- Glass, Richard D.822
- Glazer, N.144
- Gluck, M.350
- Goodfellow, Gordon P.396n
- Goodwin, R.492
- Gordon, R. H.146
- Goswami, Ranadev61
- governance148, 247–248, 261, 410, 411, 412, 516–517, 692–693, 774, 816, 826, 832 See also pension funds, governance
- governments691, 692, 693, 841, 842
- control831
- Europe691–692
- investments696
- regulations255
- retirement plans (USA)132
- Graduated Retirement Benefit Programme (UK)89
- Granger-causality206
- Graebner, W.81
- Graetz, M. J.176
- Greece505
- Gribble, S.845
- Griffin, J.644
- Griffiths, I.523
- Grint, K.104
- Gronchi, E.281
- Groshen, Erica L.726
- gross domestic product (GDP)63, 206, 209, 213, 214, 247, 281, 283, 286, 326, 336, 360, 457, 459, 586, 588, 675, 792, 795, 808, 809, 810, 819, 829, 840, 841, 843
- Guatamala665
- Guillemard, Anne-Marie853
- Guillot, M.14
- Guinea783
- Hall, Greg635n
- Hall, Robert E.723
- Hansell, S.209
- Hanoch, G.193
- Harris, T.537n
- Harrison, J. M.403
- Hartel, Charmine E. J.129
- Hawkins, J.208
- Hayward, J. E. S.142
- Hayward, R.855n
- Headey, B.492
- health maintenance organization (HMO) (USA)341
- Hebb, Tessa393
- Heckman, J.852
- Heclo, H.847
- hedge funds256, 402, 404, 406, 418, 421, 448–449, 451, 452, 464, 514, 515, 528, 534, 545, 547, 553, 676
- hedonism644
- Heemskerk, F.418
- Heller, P. S.177
- Hemerijck, A.154
- Hendrick, J.639
- Hendricks, D.477
- Henley, A.554
- Hennock, E. P.41
- herding behavior210
- Hernández, H.668
- Herrigel, G.104
- heterogeneity152–153
- Heuveline, P.14
- Hewitt, C.151
- Hill, Catherine131
- Hill, J.478n
- Hill, Tomeka396n
- Hirsch, Barry129
- Hodrick, Robert J.450
- Hoffa tactic393
- Honduras665
- Hood, L. R.475
- Hope, T.639
- horizon effects429–431
- households135, 136, 152, 194, 279, 740, 787–788
- annuities575–578
- consumption625–626
- extended785
- savings187–188
- single person564
- Huber, E.764
- Huberman, Gur608
- Hulse, M.686
- Human Rights Act 1998 (UK)301
- Hutchens, Robert710
- Hviding, K.204
- Hyslop, Dean R.136
- illness642–643
- impaired life annuities578
- Imperial Austria41
- incomes33–35, 40, 128, 131, 143, 185, 298, 443, 514–515, 613, 628, 629, 634, 655, 693, 740, 853
- Asia799–814
- disposable848
- independent financial advisers646–647
- index funds258
- individualization104, 149, 152–153, 172–173, 184, 281, 298, 638
- freedom584–595
- retirement planning603–615
- inefficiency816
- inflation71, 227, 230–232, 237, 246, 249, 377, 389, 419, 421, 423, 427, 432, 511, 514, 528, 577, 622, 817 See also bonds, inflation-indexed
- informal economy818–819
- interest groups759–776
- intergenerational851
- accounts433–434
- distribution845
- imbalances437
- neutrality279
- tax component279
- younger20
- International Social Security Association (ISSA)301
- investments77, 85, 91, 110, 134, 135, 137, 178, 208, 213, 231, 233, 243, 257, 258, 262, 365, 366, 375, 381–382, 403, 408, 417, 437, 457, 476, 485, 504, 509, 512, 524, 534, 573, 585–586, 593, 596, 597, 605, 606, 614, 619, 643, 646, 723, 744, 829, 831, 842
- accounts753–754
- risk adjusted468–470
- reserves229–230
- trusts459
- Israel574
- Issacharoff, Samuel731
- Italy39, 101, 110, 148, 153, 171, 178, 196, 204, 212, 243, 246, 260, 280, 281–283, 284, 286, 313, 315, 320, 459, 512, 513, 623, 627, 703–704, 705, 707, 710, 715, 761, 763, 766, 768, 769, 771, 772, 773–774, 803, 841, 842, 854
- Iyengar, Sheena608
- Iyer, S.228
- Jackson, G.109
- Jacoby, Sanford389
- Jacobzone, S.840
- Jafari-Samimi, A.188
- Japan37, 61, 89, 105, 169, 170, 171, 176, 177, 179, 187, 188, 208, 210, 228, 229, 243, 312, 313, 399, 401, 407, 411, 457, 504, 509, 511, 532, 533, 623, 627, 628, 703, 709, 711, 722, 744, 747, 753, 801, 803–805, 810, 813, 841
- Jenks, Wilfred C.301
- Jesuit, D.741
- Jewish immigrants42
- Jiang, Wei608
- Jin, Li452n
- jobs16
- new (older people)715
- part-time711
- security854
- tenure12, 19, 35, 86, 94, 99, 101, 106, 107, 108, 119, 129, 131, 157, 365, 385, 386, 554, 557, 711, 722, 723, 724, 731, 733, 734, 765
- turnover553–555
- Johnson, A.850
- Johnson, N. J.750
- Johnson, Richard W.737n
- joint life annuity564
- Jolls, Christine736n
- Jones, D. T.105
- Jones, M.478n
- Joss, Richard R.396n
- Jousten, Alain69
- Kakwani, N.783
- Kaman, Vicki S.129
- Kanjanaphoomin, N.812
- Karoly, L.850
- Kaseke, Edwin831
- Kaufman, Bruce E.386
- Kazakhstan585
- Keese, M.803
- Keilman, N.166
- Kennedy, D.486
- Kennedy, L.35
- Kerrigan, Graeme K.826
- Kersbergen, K. von761
- Kim, Tong Suk450
- Kingston, G.260
- Kitamura, Y.187
- Kitschelt, H.104
- Klein, Jennifer382
- Klerman, J.850
- Klyzing, E.849
- Knight, F. H.688
- Kogelman, S.419
- Kohli, M.99
- Kohn, Sally303
- Komter, A.152
- Kooreman, P.135
- Kouwenberg, R. R. P.423
- Kritzman, M.426
- Kumar, K.102
- labor77, 82, 89, 104, 130, 153, 206, 212, 255, 555, 736, 764
- force participation170, 172, 173, 177–178, 180, 233, 269, 279, 280, 312, 313f, 316, 317f, 329, 321, 323, 323f, 324, 324f, 325–326, 328–330, 332, 377, 502, 631, 703, 704f, 708, 716, 759
- law692
- markets12, 16, 20, 82, 100, 106–108, 110, 111, 121, 125–126, 128–130, 152–153, 185, 189, 215, 231, 236, 329, 330, 374, 545, 551, 553, 557–559, 584, 691, 703, 706, 708–710, 727, 760, 767, 800, 849, 853
- pensions coverage (Latin America)680
- Laboul, A.505
- Lagnado, R.418
- Laitineen-Kuikka, S.855n
- Laitner, John576
- Lamfalussy process698
- Lane, Christel105
- Langbein, J. H.485
- Lange, P.104
- Langley, P.109
- Lasfer, M. A.208
- Latimer, M.78
- Latin America8, 61, 63, 72, 209, 243, 247–249, 261, 381, 585, 586, 663–680, 781, 782, 783, 784t, 785, 786, 789, 791, 793, 794 See also contributions, Latin America
- lay-offs839
- Leape, J. I.197
- Lee, J.803
- Lee, Mary395n
- Leibfried, S.108
- Leibowitz, M. L.419
- Leisering, L.108
- Levine, R.215n
- Lesthaege, Ron849
- Li, J.406
- liabilities154, 390, 399–401, 401t, 402, 403, 404, 405–409, 409f, 412, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 424, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432f, 433–435, 435f, 436, 436t, 445, 448, 452, 467–468, 489, 506–508, 514, 515, 516, 519, 521–522, 523, 524–536, 607, 762, 792, 793, 806
- ‘liberal market economies’105–106
- life See also longevity
- annuities751–752
- course redistribution793
- life-cycle consumption planning564–565
- limited liability444–446
- Lin, Jijia580
- Lin, X.845
- Lindbeck, A.271
- Lindberg, G.41
- Linderman, David61
- Lion, H.694
- Litterman, Robert453n
- Liu, Lillian62
- living conditions, poor40
- Loewenstein, George610
- long-term incentive contract model723–724
- longevity10, 82, 126, 144, 145, 146, 156, 171, 201, 249, 268, 275, 282, 286, 312, 511, 512, 514, 528, 575, 578, 693, 752, 753, 840, 845, 846, 852
- Lorenzelli, M.791
- Luckhaus, Linda130
- Luss, Richard396n
- Lutz, W.165
- Luxembourg Income Study128
- Lynch, A. W.476
- Lyon-Caen, G.694
- Ma, Tongshu453n
- Mackenzie, George580
- MacKinlay, A. Craig450
- macro social changes100
- macroeconomics172, 179, 198, 205, 210, 233, 265, 269, 270, 279, 285, 287, 464, 514, 515, 698, 792, 793
- Mahieu, R.188
- Mahler, V.741
- Maki, D.264
- manager herding248
- mandated pension systems241–265
- Mankiel, B.189
- Mammen, K.788
- Mantel, J.189
- manufacturing102
- March, J.483
- Marcus, Alan J.737n
- market-based systems697
- markets149, 207, 417, 489–491, 493, 494, 495, 594, 690, 841, 842
- completeness544
- imperfections196–197
- transaction data524
- Markov processes421
- Marks, G.104
- Marsh, John595
- Martin, Linda G.714
- Masnick, George S.621
- Mason, A.170
- Mason, J. W.393
- Masini, Carlo Alberto301
- maternity benefits299
- mature funds428–429
- Maurer, Raimond575
- Maxwell, S.343
- Mazuy, F.471
- McAuley, Michael303
- McCarthy, Jonathan635n
- McDermed, Ann A.554
- McDonnell, Ken122
- McLean, Peter635n
- McMillan, H.404
- Mealli, F.554
- means-testing41, 42–43, 63, 69, 73, 81–82, 83, 150, 244, 249, 338, 373, 376, 712, 748, 774, 792, 820–821
- public assistance66
- medical ethics638–640
- Medigap (USA)342
- Mediterranean Europe841
- Medoff, James L.726
- Mellinger, Andrew D.818
- mental state theories644
- Merette, M.204
- Michaelides, L.537n
- Miles, D. K.211
- Millennium Development Goals781
- Miller, Lex396n
- Miller, Paul385
- Minimum Funding Requirement (1997) (UK) (MFR)595
- mining industry37
- Mishel, Lawrence383
- Mitchell, Olivia S.122, 124, 129, 248, 250, 264, 544, 553, 565, 571, 572, 574, 575, 585, 598n, 734, 801, 804, 805, 806
- Mittelstaedt, F.408
- Miyatake, G.804
- Molina, O.773
- monetary conflicts104
- Montigny, E.-A.39
- Moon, H.807
- Moore, James F.544
- Moore, Kevin B.634n
- Moore, N.408
- Morandé, F. G.209
- Morocco817
- Morrisette, R.850
- mortality151, 165, 166, 172, 277, 402, 404, 421, 511, 514–515, 564, 568, 569–570, 571–575, 578, 588, 589, 605, 680
- Mounce, R.478n
- Muffels, R492
- Mulligan, C. B.793
- Murakami, Kiyoshi61
- Murphy, K. M.193
- Murtaugh, Christopher580
- mutual aid funds37
- Myners, P.462
- nation-states5, 6, 8, 11 See also state, pensions
- national health system (USA)338
- National Health Service (UK)83
- national insurance:
- contracting out (UK)371
- contributions (UK)371
- disability40
- rebates (UK)372
- systems (UK)66
- National Insurance Fund (UK)268
- national provident funds800
- National Savings (Latin America)675–676
- national welfare regimes492
- naturalized citizens, benefit restrictions42
- Naegele, G.768
- Neihaus, G.406
- Netherlands18, 43, 91, 102, 103, 105, 108, 109, 110, 111, 147, 148, 248, 280, 302–303, 313, 330, 331, 360, 399, 402, 411, 421, 457, 504, 506, 507, 508, 509, 511, 596, 623, 627, 692, 693–694, 696, 697, 708, 709, 715, 743, 744–745, 757, 761, 765, 766–767, 771, 772, 774, 841, 842
- Newhouse, J.347
- Nigeria785
- Nikkei 500 (Japan)407f
- Nishigaki, Y.577
- Nisticò, C.281
- nominal bonds155
- ‘normal retirement age’ (NRA)82 See also retirement age
- Northern Europe187
- Notestein, F.848
- notional contributions283
- nuclear family101
- Oberhofer, George446
- objective list theories644–645
- occupational pensions15, 18–19, 21, 33, 34, 61, 66–67, 70, 76–90f, 91–92f, 93–96, 99, 100, 101, 109, 128, 141, 148, 154, 155, 224, 268, 275, 310, 331–332, 359–378, 382, 394, 399, 410, 443, 461, 467t, 477, 502–505, 509, 514, 515, 518, 543–559, 606, 611, 684–699, 707, 744, 763, 767, 772, 781, 801, 803, 804, 823–824, 830, 845
- automatic enrollment611–612
- private773
- supervising517–518
- occupational hazards760
- OECD Recommendation on the Regulation of Occupational Pensions516
- Offe, C.102
- Oksanen, H.154
- older people168f, 502, 785, 810 See also poverty, old-age
- borrowing632
- employment rates747
- financial security620
- mental disorder641
- rich176
- UK41–42
- USA331
- Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (1990) (USA) (OWBPA)731
- Olivettim P.854
- Omberg, Edward450
- on-the-job training555
- organized formal sector (South Africa)823–824
- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)24, 108, 111, 126, 201, 204, 207, 208, 211, 213, 215, 243, 248, 270, 273, 275, 279, 301, 336, 399, 400, 501, 502–505, 508, 509, 511, 512, 517, 518t, 623, 627, 702, 703, 704, 704f, 705, 709, 714, 715, 757, 819, 822, 840, 841, 842, 846, 847, 851, 854
- Orloff, A.767
- Ostuw, Pamela819
- outsourcing105
- Øverbye, E.149
- Owyang, Michael734
- Pacific countries782
- Paes de Barros, R.796n
- Pakistan782
- Panama665
- Pareto gains151
- Parfit, D.644
- passive selection570
- Patterson, William393
- pay-as-you-go (PAYG)12–13, 14, 16–19, 20–21, 23, 61, 62, 66, 69, 70, 71, 82, 91, 93, 99, 110, 134, 137, 141, 147, 148, 151–152, 153, 154, 158n, 175–177, 187, 188, 201–202, 203, 204, 206, 212, 213, 214, 215, 223, 226–228, 230–231, 232, 236, 237, 242, 243, 244, 247, 255, 275, 282, 283, 285–287, 311, 370, 377, 392, 502, 596, 664, 740, 745–746, 748, 749, 753, 754–757, 766, 768, 770, 800, 802, 805, 844 See also public pensions
- Peach, Richard W.536n
- Peagle, Nigel395n
- Pech, Suzanne578
- Peil, Margaret831
- Peled, D.565
- Pension Act (1908) (UK)66
- Pension Authority (UK)14
- Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (USA)507
- pension deals424t
- pension funds154, 203, 213, 214, 248, 257–258, 263–264, 265, 361t, 368, 382, 399, 408, 446, 456–478, 491, 494, 510f, 514, 516, 528, 587, 593, 597, 688
- adjudicators833
- contractual negotiations490
- firms672
- regulation483–497
- transfers516
- USA459
- Pension Protection Fund (UK)549
- pension reforms16, 17, 62–63, 72, 173, 201, 204–205, 209–210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 242–243, 280, 311, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 326f, 328, 328f, 330, 346, 381, 501, 702, 770–771, 782, 848, 851–853
- pension-wage trade-off555
- pensions See assets, pension funds See basic pensions See defined benefit plans See defined contribution plans See non-contributory pensions See occupational pensions See private pensions See state, pensions See universality, pensions
- Pensions Funds Act (1956) (South Africa)824
- Peracchi, F.11
- Perold, A. F.419
- Perry, G. E.793
- personal pensions See private pensions
- Persson, T.271
- Pesandro, J. E.203
- Petersen, Mitchell457
- Petrongolo, B.854
- Phelps, E. S.174
- Philipson, Thomas580
- Phillips, D. R.799
- physician-patient relationships639–640
- Pieris, Badhi62
- Pierron, Bill819
- Piore, M.105
- Pissaridis, C.854
- Pizzorni, A.104
- Pfleiderer, P.461
- Pochet, P.686
- polarization594
- Pollitz, K.351
- population growth164–166, 173; See also ageing population
- by region167f
- Europe166
- North America166
- world165f
- Porter, T. M.112
- portfolios205, 207, 418, 447–448, 451–452, 467, 469–472, 477, 508, 513, 516, 528, 544, 545, 546, 549–550, 565, 607, 608, 612, 625, 629, 681
- constraints443–444
- diversification678t
- Posel, Deborah B.831
- poverty15, 43, 166, 180, 580, 669–670, 740–757, 792, 818, 833
- old-age13–14, 23, 38, 40, 41, 73, 110, 123, 133, 156, 176, 746, 760, 781, 783–785, 783, 784t, 785, 786, 789, 793, 813, 821, 839, 842, 843t, 847
- UK12–13
- Powelson, John P.818
- Preston, S. H.14
- Price, Robert627
- principal-agent relationship502
- ‘principle of work’709
- private pensions6, 16, 19, 21, 24, 71, 100, 137, 204, 243, 298, 301, 377, 477, 489, 502, 503, 504, 512, 515, 516, 584–598, 684–699, 703, 707, 721, 742, 753, 767, 768, 774–775, 799–800, 812–814, 840, 841–842, 845, 853, 855 See also occupational pensions
- costs584–598
- funding458t
- OECD countries518t
- political interference71–72
- Profeta, P.154
- public pensions16, 63, 66, 72, 73, 74, 81–83, 88–89, 99, 134, 146, 148, 151, 153–154, 155, 183–184, 187, 189, 197, 212, 213, 223–227, 231, 235, 256, 268, 269–271, 273, 278, 280, 287, 359, 360, 501, 502, 519, 580, 584–585, 603, 606, 607, 608, 609, 614, 684–699, 703, 707, 721, 722, 740, 742, 744, 746, 749, 752, 575, 765, 763, 765–767, 799–800, 804–807, 812–814, 841, 852, 853 See also actuarial-based systems, public pensions See also pay-as-you-go (PAYG)
- Latin America663–680
- tax-financed268–286
- Pudney, S.554
- ‘push-marketing’632
- Quadagno, Jill73
- Quigley, John M.626
- quality strategies105
- Rabin, Matthew611
- Rahman, S.473
- Ralston, N.478n
- Rangel, Antonio607
- Ransom, R.37
- Rappaport, Anna M.822
- rational choice theory142
- Rauh, J.408
- Rea, Samuel A.579
- real estate See property
- Reed, Deborah136
- reforms See policy, reforms
- regression406
- regulations488, 502–503, 505–508, 511–512, 516, 519, 593, 594, 596, 597–598, 666, 826–827, 831
- international standards515–517
- Reil-Held, A.744
- Rein, M.772
- Reisen, H.204
- remunerations595
- rental income:
- risks146
- Retail Price Index (UK)370
- retirement age277, 282, 284, 286, 315, 324–326, 327f, 605–606, 703, 704, 705, 712, 753, 766, 839–840
- early153, 173, 203, 211, 225, 243, 262, 312, 314, 316–318, 319, 320, 321f, 332, 403, 688, 702, 705, 707–708, 715, 763, 766–767, 821
- partial853
- retirement policies245f
- ‘retirement posts’37
- return smoothing arrangements512
- Rhodes, M.773
- ‘Ricardian neutrality’ See altruism
- Rich, D.426
- Richards, T. M.467
- Rider, Barry598n
- Rimlinger, G. V.561
- risks21, 38, 99–100, 142, 143–146, 156, 177, 181, 183–184, 227, 236–237, 403, 446, 549, 458, 502, 504, 512, 578–580, 593, 596, 692–693, 697, 706, 817, 854
- adjustment527–528
- basis547–548
- mismatch431–432
- retirement145t
- Rix, Sarah704
- Robinson, Derek128
- Rochet, J.-C.193
- Roe, M.492
- Rofman, Rafael71
- Rogot, E.750
- Roland, David635n
- Roll, R.470
- Romano, R.484
- Roos, D.104
- Rose, M.102
- Rosegrant, S.805
- Ross, T.404
- Rossi, N.204
- Rothschild, Casey579
- Rowe, G.845
- Russell, A.36
- Russia210
- Russian Federation232
- Sachs, Jeffrey D.818
- safety net pensions249
- Sala-i-Martin, X.793
- Saldain, R.791
- Samwick, A. A.204
- sanctions policy488
- Sanderson. W.165
- Sandstrom, Susanna128
- Santa-Clara, P.418
- Sarasa, S.855n
- Savage, M.37
- Savarino, James E.453n
- Save More Tomorrow plan (USA)613–614
- savings37–40, 42, 61, 62, 77, 112, 124, 133, 134, 137, 144, 150, 174, 176, 178, 188, 192, 201–216, 231, 262, 281, 367, 586, 625, 849 See also private savings
- accounts268
- among poor39–40
- determinants183–186
- discretionary202–203
- incentives279
- ‘scaled premium system’228
- Scandinavia35, 101, 283, 502, 685, 686, 692, 705, 708–709, 714, 715–716, 757, 761, 771, 773, 774, 841
- Schadt, R. W.472
- Scherbov, S.165
- Schmitt, Jon383
- Schoeni, Robert714
- Schrager, Allison580
- Schroder, Mark450
- Schwartz, E. S.418
- Schwartz, F. W.686
- Scobie, Grant634n
- Scott, Jason606
- scientific management103–104
- Seaward, Mary R.130
- Second World War See World War II
- Securities Exchange Commission (USA)491
- securitization207
- self-regulation516
- Segal, M.343
- Seligman, S.406
- Senegal832
- senior citizens See older people
- Servén, L.793
- Seth-Iyengar, S.263
- Settergren, O.177
- settlements, costs530
- Shahar, S.35
- Shapiro, C.504
- share markets159t
- Sharpe, S.405
- Shavit, Y.851
- Shaw, Lois131
- Sheshinski, E.271
- Sialm, Clemens452n
- Sias, R. W.211
- Siebert, H.6
- Silvers, Damon393
- Sinha, Tapen576
- Sinn, H. W.151
- Sires, R.12
- Skiadas, Costis450
- Skinner, J.187
- Skocpol, T.36
- Sloane, Arthur392
- Smith, K.849
- Smith, W. J.793
- Smolkin, Sheryl303
- Snow, Arthur579
- Soares, J.768
- social benefits (Prussia)40–41
- social concertation773–775
- social dependency687
- social impact (South Africa)821
- social insurance13, 62, 63, 70, 74, 82, 143, 156, 204, 269, 275, 302, 330, 586, 688, 708, 791, 811
- self-administration772–773
- Social Insurance Act (1946) (UK)66
- social sciences12–13
- social security systems12, 16, 21, 71, 123, 175, 205, 230, 235, 293, 298, 319, 325, 330, 363, 492, 501–502, 503, 504, 505, 513, 567, 584, 605, 688–689, 694, 729, 731, 756, 759, 799–801, 812, 818, 832 See also costs, social security See also pay-as-yougo (PAYG)
- government intervention565
- Social Security Act (1975) (UK)370
- Solomon, Joel381
- Solorio, C.786
- Song, Xue574
- Sorian, R.351
- Sorlie, P. D.750
- sorting behavior136–137
- South Africa62, 208, 296, 623, 782, 788, 789, 791, 793, 794, 817, 818, 819–827, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833
- South Asia782
- South Europe849
- Spatt, Chester H.447
- Speed, C.478n
- Spicker, P.142
- Spiers, T.478n
- Spillman, Brenda580
- Sri Lanka61
- SSAP 24 (UK)523
- standards, harmonization536
- Starr, P.112
- state bonds (Chile)71
- Statement of Recognized Gains and Losses (STRGL) (UK)532
- statutory rules488–490
- Stedman Jones, Gareth12
- Stein, Gregory606
- Stevens, Beth369
- Stevens, Y.765
- Stimpson, A.108
- Stjernø, S.142
- stocks366, 444, 449, 451, 470–471, 475, 476, 605, 625, 629
- company368
- exchanges831
- publicly traded620
- USA628
- Stocks, Wendy A.728
- Storper, M.691
- Stoughton, N. M.461
- Strotz, Robert610
- structural pension reforms (Latin America)663–680
- Strunk, B. C.345
- Sturrock, T.405
- Studebaker pension plan (1963)88
- Sundaresan, S.403
- supplementary earnings44
- Supplementary Security Income (USA)69
- Surette, B. J.134
- surplus funds420f
- surplus risks431
- Survey of Consumer Finances (Kennickell and Sundén)131
- survivor bonds580
- Sutch, R.37
- Sutcliffe, C.402
- Swaziland62
- Sweden17, 18, 42, 101, 103, 105, 106, 108, 110, 123, 147, 177, 178, 212, 260, 261, 270, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, 313, 324, 329, 381, 502, 504, 513, 590, 592, 596, 598, 608, 609, 614, 623, 686, 692, 693, 694, 696, 697–698, 707, 708, 709, 711, 712, 713, 715, 744, 753, 761–762, 763, 765, 766–767, 840, 842
- Szykman, Lisa608
- Taiwan800
- Taubenfield, R.301
- Taubenfield, S.301
- Taubman, Paul726
- Taverne, Dick597
- tax-deferred contributions137
- tax-qualified plans87
- taxation41, 69, 85, 98, 153, 231, 244, 256, 263, 268, 298, 350, 403, 433, 443, 511, 513, 514, 551–552, 557, 570, 592, 687, 698, 732, 740, 742, 743, 816, 854
- Taylor, Frederick W.103
- Taylorism103–106
- Teamsters (USA)392–393
- terminal bonuses587
- Thailand811
- Thies, C. F.405
- Thillainathan, R.809
- Thomas, A.475
- Thomas, K.351
- Thomson, Rob J.831
- Thrift, N.484
- Thullen, P.228
- Tickell, A.484
- Tierney, D. E.467
- Tkac, P. A.460
- Todd, R.22
- Topel, Robert736n
- Townley, Peter565
- trade unions85–86, 154, 212, 261, 362, 369, 386, 404, 556, 733–734, 761, 763–768, 772, 773, 774, 832
- black826
- solidarity385–386
- training, of older workers715–716
- Treasury bills191
- treatment decisions See medical ethics
- Tressel, T.206
- Troske, Kenneth R.714
- Troyansky, D. G.36
- trust institution485
- Turkey505
- Uganda785
- UK21, 38, 44, 85, 86, 91, 105–106, 108, 109, 111, 123, 155, 177, 187, 197, 202, 211, 212, 244, 248, 249, 258, 260, 263, 264, 268, 273, 293, 294–297, 305, 306, 307, 331, 371t, 401, 405–406, 408, 409f, 410f, 445, 459, 475, 511, 513, 545, 569, 590, 598, 623, 627, 638, 639, 652, 687, 694, 696, 703–704, 715, 743, 744, 757, 761, 763, 765, 767–768, 771, 773, 774–775, 830, 842, 850 See also under benefits See also equities See also legislation See also mis-selling pensions See also occupational pensions See also pension funds See also private pensions See also social insurance See also social security systems See also state pensions
- unemployment15, 16, 18, 43, 77, 104, 150, 180, 194, 225, 232, 236, 283, 299, 319, 322, 329, 388, 551, 671, 705, 708, 760, 761, 793, 801, 851
- union pension premium385–386
- unit trusts See mutual funds
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Council of Europe)301
- universal life insurance See unit-linked policies
- urbanization800
- US Social Security Administration132
- USA15, 36, 39, 44, 63, 68, 69f, 78, 85, 88, 91, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 105–106, 108, 124t, 126, 127t, 128–130, 130f, 134–138, 144, 150, 155, 171, 187, 188, 197, 198, 202, 208, 211, 215, 228, 244, 250, 258, 264, 273, 295–296, 327–328, 332, 370, 401, 405–406, 408, 409, 445, 459, 472, 507, 511, 533, 534, 569, 608, 609, 618, 627, 639, 652, 703–705, 707, 708, 711, 712–713, 714, 715, 722, 724, 727, 743, 744, 745, 748, 750, 752, 754, 757, 763, 770, 771, 822, 842, 847, 849, 850 See also under 401(k) plans See also actuarial-based systems, fairness See also annuities See also benefits See also defined benefit plans See also defined contribution plans See also health, care See also labor force See also legislation See also Medicaid See also Medicare See also men See also occupational pensions See also old age See also organized labor See also poverty See also private pensions See also private plans See also public pensions See also retirement age See also social security systems
- Utkus, S.264
- Valdes, Salvador598n
- Valletta, Robert G.734
- Van Aalst, P. C.418
- Van Buggenhout, B.765
- Vandenbroucke, Frank855n
- vanDerhee, Jack124
- van Zyl, Elize62
- variable annuities (USA)563
- Varian, H. R.146
- Varoufakis, Y.144
- vascular disease641
- ‘veil of ignorance’149–150
- Verburg, R.152
- veterans’ pensions (USA)36
- Vidlund, M.855n
- Villeval, M.-C.689
- Visco, I.204
- Volpin, P.410
- voluntary bequests188
- Vuolteenaho, Tuomo O.451
- Wadensjő, E.772
- Wadswoth, Mike580
- wage path145
- wages23, 77, 80, 104, 128, 131, 146, 147, 154, 178, 189, 212, 230, 284, 316, 317, 404, 427, 452, 514, 545, 547, 551, 554, 556, 723, 741, 746, 747, 854 See also deferred wages See also earnings See also salaries
- average706
- labor760
- low751
- rising722
- Wagner, J.418
- Wahal, S.208
- Waidmann, T.351
- Waite, Linda J.127
- Wakefield, M.156n
- Waldvogel, J.852
- Wales See UK
- Walker, A.768
- Walters, Simon293
- Wasmer, E.854
- wealth134, 189, 191–193, 195, 202, 485, 545, 567, 577, 580, 619, 736, 846
- productivity shocks449–450
- Weaver, Carolyn69
- Weinberg, S.187
- welfare16, 73, 98, 146, 152, 153, 279, 281, 404, 421, 485–486, 494, 495, 496–497, 568, 491, 594, 639, 685, 697, 840, 841, 848
- capitalism (USA)387–388
- distribution852
- regimes799
- Wermers, R.473
- Weyns, G.537n
- Whitley, R.105
- widowers133
- Wilkie, A. D.422
- Wilkie, C.281
- Williams, A.485
- Williams, A. T.20
- Williams, H.478n
- Williams, M.246
- Williamson, John66
- Williamson, Samuel68
- Wilson, Jack68
- Wise, David A.16, 177, 203, 278, 280, 315, 319, 320, 325, 331, 332, 333n, 557, 629, 706, 729, 730, 747
- with-profits policies587–588
- Wójcik, D.11
- Wolfson, M.845
- Womack, J. P.105
- women279, 283, 502, 579, 825, 833, 841
- benefits154
- earnings (USA)128f
- Hispanic124
- mortality569
- part-time work709
- retirement age768
- Wong, Rebeca134
- Wooten, James E.391
- work20, 23, 42–43, 84, 87, 99, 106–107, 109, 163, 702–716; See also older people, work
- adults (of working age)93f
- classes39–40
- organization103
- workers514, 556
- associations85
- active, decline234
- employers734
- flexibility703
- pension coverage384t
- USA605
- young849
- working classes761
- World Bank72, 100, 150, 157n, 176, 177, 204, 213, 243–244, 246, 255, 262, 266n, 584–585, 667, 670, 675, 684, 685, 686, 696, 741, 781, 782, 799, 802, 807, 808
- World Population Policies 2003 (United Nations)166
- World War II10, 15, 16, 19, 24, 44, 45, 46, 76, 78, 81, 82, 83, 85, 104, 151, 241, 242, 362, 370, 389, 390, 504, 505, 685, 692, 740, 761, 847
- Worth Harris, Erica731
- Yagi, T.577
- Yakoboski, Paul819
- Yamada, A.91
- Yang, S. T.248
- Young, Peter635n
- Zapatero, F.403
- Zeitlin, J.104
- Zelenka, A.301
- Zenios, S. A.418
- zero coupn bonds531
- Zervos, S.215n
- Zhang, Harold H.447
- Zhu, Yukun61
- Zimbabwe830
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