List of Tables

Male and female labor market participation rates 107

Share of standard and non-standard employment contracts, 2003 107

Sources of income by gender and marital status for individuals aged 65 plus, 2000 123

Incidence of poverty, United States, 2000 124

Average pension accumulation and the gender pension gap, United States, 1998 125

Gender differences in life expectancy 126

Gender and marital status of the elderly, 2000 127

Risks facing individuals in retirement 145

Changes in asset allocation due to the ageing process, 2000–2050 189

Decumulation phase of FDC schemes 251

Returns over various asset classes, Australia, 1993–2004 257

Returns of various share markets, 1993–2004 259

Comparative impact of asset, benefit, and contribution charges over varying periods 260

Cumulated pension wealth accruals for single people on average earnings 278

Pension assets as a percentage of GDP 2001, OECD 361

Estimated social security replacement rates (RR) for the average earner, 2003 and 2030 364

Percentage of UK workers with second-tier pension coverage, 1978/9–2001/1 372

Changes in compensation for union and non-union workers, 1988–2002 383

Pension coverage rates of all workers and union workers by income, sex, and firm size 384

Pension liabilities and deficits of the world's 500 largest companies in 2004 400

Four different pension deals 424

Output of ALM studies 425

Output of ALM study D 430

Average generational account as percentage of liabilities for three age groups 436

Private pension funding in major developed countries, 1996 458

Assets under management for eight countries, 1999 459

Institutionalization of the UK equity market to 1999 460

Fund management fees charged in different countries for a £100 million mandate 461

Distribution of managers across pension funds by category of manager 463

Average annual returns on median UK pension fund by asset class, 1994–2003 466

Average asset allocation across UK pension funds, 1993–2003 466

Average asset allocation of occupational pension funds in major markets, 2003 467

Performance evaluation of UK pension funds, 1983–1997 474

Performance of UK pension funds, 1980–2000 474

Market structures of private pension systems in OECD countries, 2001–2002 518

Factors affecting pension valuation for employers and employees 552

Money's worth estimates for single premium immediate annuity at age 65 572

Money's worth of immediate annuities in various nations, nominal contract 574

Wealth holdings of older homeowners grew rapidly in the 1990s 621

Seniors now hold more mortgage debt 622

Prevalence of dementia by age 642

Percentage of the labor force covered by the public system before the reform and by private and public systems in 2004 669

Percentage of affiliates who contributed to the private system in the last month, December 1998 to December 2004 671

Size of insured market, number of administrative firms, and concentration in the largest two and three firms, December 2004 672

Managerial cost of the private system: deposit, costs, total deduction, and administrative burden, December 2004 674

Capital accumulation in the private system in US million dollars in December 2004, and as percentage of GDP in June 2004, and average capital return in December 2003–2004 676

Portfolio diversification: percentage distribution of total pension fund by financial instrument in December 2004 678

Percentage of employees aged 55 and older working part-time in selected OECD countries, 1999 709

Income inequality and reduction of inequality through government redistribution and pensions in 12 industrialized countries 743

Old-age poverty indicators for Latin America and Africa 784

The contribution of non-contributory pension income to poverty reduction 787

Summary information on non-contributory pension programs for selected countries 790

Poverty rates among the population 65+, c. 2000 843