
Contents
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1 Introduction 1 Introduction
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2 The Long View 2 The Long View
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3 The Emergence of Modern Occupational Pensions 3 The Emergence of Modern Occupational Pensions
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4 Saving and Mutual Aid 4 Saving and Mutual Aid
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5 The Emergence of State Pensions 5 The Emergence of State Pensions
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6 The Spread of Retirement 6 The Spread of Retirement
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7 Averting the Old Age Crisis? 1920s–1950s 7 Averting the Old Age Crisis? 1920s–1950s
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8 Retirement Becomes the Norm 8 Retirement Becomes the Norm
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9 Conclusions 9 Conclusions
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References References
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3 The History of Retirement
Get accessPatricia Thane is Leverhulme Professor of Contemporary British History and Director of the Centre for Contemporary British History at the Institute of Historical Research, University of London. Relevant publications include: Old Age in English History: Past Experiences, Present Issues (Oxford University Press, 2000), Women and Ageing in British Society since 1500, co-edited with Lynn Botelho (Longman, 2001), and Old Age from Antiquity to Post-Modernity, co-edited with Paul Johnson (Routledge, 1998). Address is Institute of Historical Research, University of London, London, WC1E 7HU, UK. Email: [email protected]
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Published:02 September 2009
Cite
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to complement and offer a context by taking a longer-run view of occupational and state pensions and retirement. First, it takes further Sass's historical analysis of the development of employer pensions, locating their origins in the growing bureaucracies of pre-industrial European states in the eighteenth century. Like Sass, the author of this paper emphasizes the close relationship between economic change and employer pensions. The initial spurs to the growth of modern efficient bureaucracy were the growth of commerce and the prosecution and finance of war. Only later was industrialization a major factor. From the later nineteenth century, however, industrialization drove the spread of employer pensions through big business firms and among state employees. Since that time, employer pensions have become prominent in high- and medium-income economies in a complex variety of relationships with state pensions. The article then moves on to examine the other side of the relationship – state pensions – providing a more detailed account of their early history.
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