Index

Note: Tables, figures, and boxes are indicated by an italic ‘t’, ‘f’, and ‘b’ respectively, following the page number.

ABCDs. See affects, behaviors, cognitions, and desires, of personality

ABC principles of test construction343, 346, 351

abstraction91–92

academic outcomes31

ACC. See anterior cingulate cortex

accelerometer300, 301t, 302t, 303–5, 321

acculturation220, 381

ACME. See action, cognition, motivation, and emotions

acoustic diary318

acquaintanceship47, 274, 496

Act Frequency Approach (AFA)193

action, cognition, motivation, and emotions (ACME)14

actions
characterizations194–95, 194f
performed182

active logging299

activities
in brain215, 438–40, 442–44, 447–48
classification of320
EA-TA171f
leisure161
meaning-making63
in MSMs303
neural438
physical321, 428
situationally unoriented66
sleep321
social321

actor effect5–8

Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM)3, 6, 10

Actor-Situation Interdependence Model (ASIM)3, 10, 10f

adaptive lasso272, 282

adaptive strategy selection154

adaptive toolbox (AT)143–45, 147, 147f, 149, 152–53, 156
heuristics and150–51

additive tasks474

adolescents418
aggressive behavior in320
antisocial tendencies in9
CADBI240
developmental tasks for416t
fMRI and440
risky behaviors among46
sexuality in46
social influence in45

adversity162, 207, 356, 416,  See also CAPTIONs modelThe Situational Eight (DIAMONDS)
environmental32
situational421

AFA. See Act Frequency Approach

affect96, 343,  See also affects, behaviors, cognitions, and desires, of personalityCognitive Affective Personality System, Cognitive Affective Processing System
desired159, 163
dysregulated130
expected159
negative437
personality and170, 171f, 172–73, 172f, 173f
regulation129–30
situational experience and168
social affective neuroscience441
system128

affectedness375

affects, behaviors, cognitions, and desires (ABCDs), of personality159–60, 166–67, 169, 173

affiliation108, 162
cycles133
entrainment on133
goals46
restriction of115

age410–11, 413t
advanced413
biological198
differences225
maturity and32–35
personality traits and179
related changes166, 256, 415
reproductive118

agency128, 129f, 130f, 131–34
communion and124–25, 126f
in situational characteristics222–24

agentic complementarity132

agents262–66, 263f

aggression209, 214, 337, 394f, 410–11
in adolescents320
in childhood14
indirect320
perceived222
triggers210

Akaike’s information criterion (AIC)240, 242, 242t, 273

alpha press167, 289, 376

Alzheimer’s disease459

ambient
light sensor300, 301t, 302t
noise level265
sound recordings318–19, 322

ambulatory assessment methods234, 291, 299, 312, 324

American Psychiatric Association (APA)124, 240

amygdala439, 444

The Analysis of Subjective Culture (Triandis)65

analysis of variance (ANOVA)208, 230, 279

analytic thinking380

anger136, 136f

ANOVA. See analysis of variance

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)440, 444, 448

anthropomorphic virtual characters444

anxiety15–17, 132, 136, 136f, 272, 448
chronic378
disorders211
levels128
with medical situations456, 458–59
psychological effects of439
reduction69
situation induced207, 275–78, 362
social315, 439
stress and439
triggered by379

APA. See American Psychiatric Association

APIM. See Actor-Partner Interdependence Model

appraisal theorists383

appraisal theory168, 376
of emotion387
situation classifications and383–84

archetypal game templates101, 101f, 103

ASD. See Autism Spectrum Disorder

ASIM. See Actor-Situation Interdependence Model

assertiveness161, 180, 181f, 194–98, 332, 478
in relationships46

assessment. See also situational assessment
automated305
CAID131, 133–35, 134f, 137
cross-cultural219, 224
ecological312
EMA90, 433
first-person312
implications120–21
objective300, 309, 371
personality408
physiology324
psychological394f, 398–99
real-world314–21
self-report314
third-person312
VR207

assortative mating5, 27–28

the Assurance game100, 101f

asthma459
EAR for319

AT. See adaptive toolbox

attentional networks439–40

attitude9, 282
behavior and90–91
toward health care427, 432, 459
network274
toward outgroups47, 449
in relationships46
social68
strength87
at work469, 473, 477, 479–81

attractor state258–59, 264

auditory noise265, 438–41

authenticity75, 174

authoritarianism107

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)441

autonomy219, 416t, 419, 469–71, 473–74, 476t
in children33
of environment33
individual496
sign of222
of workers85, 479

autoregressions230, 234, 235f, 236, 250

averageLayout275

B5PS. See Big Five Inventory of Personality in Occupational Situations

backfire effects88–89

Bayesian theories of cognition143

Becker, Gary146

behavior96, 159, 271, 324,  See also prosocial behaviorsituations, situations, behaviors, and explanations
aggressive320
altruistic45
appropriateness of67
attitude and90–91
CADBI240
censuring of70
complex148
consequences of97
contra-trait84, 88
criminal148–50, 149t
cues82, 213
CWB88–89
deviant64f
driven by perception87
ecology115–16
as function of personality and situation4
Funder’s Personality Triad206, 300, 312, 313f
genetics33, 35
GLOBE478
health426
human83, 466
moral339
motivated85f, 86f
NIPS model14–15
non-Big Five338–39
OCB88
persons and14–15, 179–99, 181f, 182f, 183t, 185t, 186f, 187f, 188f, 189t, 191f, 194f
prediction of14, 79, 97
prosocial40, 43–45, 443
RBQ74, 166, 295
reactions88
risky46, 85
SBEs497
sedentary320
sexual116
Sickness Behavior Theory323
situations and179–99, 181f, 182f, 183t, 185t, 186f, 187f, 188f, 189t, 191f, 194f
social62, 115
states80–81
trait180, 335

behavioral ecology115–16

behavioral expression81

behavioral signal processing322

behavioral signatures430

behavioral tendencies166

behavioral theory79

behavioral trait180

behavior genetics34, 134
early33
environmental measures in29–33
gene-environment correlation30–33
integration of situation research for33
methodology primer on26–29
research of35

Berlin Speed Dating Study6–7, 7t

beta press376, 379

betweenness centrality274, 278

BeWell321

BFAS. See Big Five Aspect Scales

BFI. See Big Five Inventory

bias
heuristics and150, 153
positivity50
self-serving47, 50

biculturalism209

Big Five Aspect Scales (BFAS)170

Big Five Inventory (BFI)381, 501

Big Five Inventory of Personality in Occupational Situations (B5PS)348t, 349, 352, 353, 355

Big Five model
framework25, 394f
manifestations of331, 333, 334f, 339t
mechanisms of337
neuroticism in6, 15, 154, 161, 163, 165, 170, 215
personality dimensions6, 11, 25, 85, 143, 165, 166, 180, 194, 290, 331, 375, 389
successful properties of338
traits338

Big Five states331
between-person variation in335
density distribution approach and333
situations and334, 336
within-person variation in335

biological pathways26, 28–29

biological sex197, 199
gender and179

biomedical sciences210

birth order146–47, 147f

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) fMRI signal439

Bluetooth (BT)300, 301t, 302t, 320–22

body engagement212

body mass index8t, 32

BOLD. See Blood Oxygen Level Dependent fMRI signal

borderline personality disorder (BPD)132, 339

brain activity215, 442–44, 447–48
resting438–40

brain-mapping technologies448

brain regions215, 444–45, 448–49

broad socialization69, 72

BT. See Bluetooth

burglary72, 148–49, 149t

bystander214, 320, 350, 391
effect344
intervention43
juxta situm345, 399
romantic partners53–54

CADBI. See Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavior Inventory

CAID. See continuous assessment of interpersonal dynamics

California Adult Q-sort (CAQ)288, 332, 349, 381

Cancer Inventory of Problem Situations (CIPS)458, 463

candidate situation properties332–33, 336, 338–39

CAPS. See Cognitive Affective Personality SystemCognitive Affective Processing System

CAPTIONs model
components of (complexity, adversity, positive valence, typicality, importance, humor, and negative valence)290, 305, 347, 351, 365, 370, 372, 392t, 393t, 394f, 395, 398f, 399f
joint taxonomy and397
lexical approach and360
MSMs and305

CAQ. See California Adult Q-sort

categorical latent variables248

categorical observed variables248

Cave Automated Virtual Environments (CAVEs)211

CD. See conduct disorder

Center for Open Science296

centrality269, 274
analysis276–78, 277f, 277t
indices277t, 282
values282

cerebral blood flow439

ceteris paribus255, 266

CFA. See confirmatory factor analysis

CFI. See comparative fit index

change407
goals420
motivated420
processes that promote419–20

characteristics219 See also situational characteristics
in health429t, 430
pre-existing264
of psychological situations270

charismatic leadership470

chemotherapy458

the Chicken game100, 101f

Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavior Inventory (CADBI)240

childhood
aggression in14
attributes410
autonomy in33
CADBI240
cognitive ability29
developmental tasks in416t
differences in264
personality in146, 266
relationships409
situations in34
trauma282

cholerics172, 172f, 173, 173f

CI. See conflicts of interest

CIIT. See Contemporary Integrative Interpersonal Theory of personality

CIPS. See Cancer Inventory of Problem Situations

Circularity Principle206, 323, 345, 395

classes219
of cues377
of forces183t
in functional fields183t
in health429t, 430
latent324
of medical situations457–59
situational220, 224–26, 344–46, 390, 457–59

classical test theory (CTT)231, 232

climate221
culture and476–77, 476t
perceptions476
strength476

closeness centrality274, 278

CLT. See Construal-Level Theory

clustering coefficient274, 278–80

cognition96, 159, 271
environment and144
unobservable160

cognitive ability25, 31, 32, 82, 150
adaptive strategy selection and154
child29

Cognitive Affective Personality System (CAPS)430

Cognitive Affective Processing System (CAPS)184, 336–37

cognitive construal159, 167–68

cognitive functioning439

cognitive load353

cognitive science62

cognitive states378

cognitive tendencies380

collaborative culture467

common currency valuation system446

communion124, 125, 126f, 128

comorbidity270

comparative fit index (CFI)240, 242t, 355

compensatory tasks474

Competing Values Framework477

complementarity124

complementary fit467

complete action sequence182, 182f

computational model214
of person-situation transactions253–66, 257f, 260f, 261f, 263f, 265f
as useful tool254

concentration matrix272

conceptual template193

conditional expectations231

conduct disorder (CD)418

confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)230, 231, 248, 401

conflict96, 105t

conflicts of interest (CI)145, 146

conformity study205

Confucian dynamism477, 478

conjunctive tasks475

conscientiousness. See Big Five model

consensual features377

consequences83, 92

consistency82, 92

construal81, 159, 287

Construal-Level Theory (CLT)87, 88

Contemporary Integrative Interpersonal Theory of personality (CIIT)124, 136–37, 136f, 137f, 138
ECR and131–35, 134f
process assumptions in127–28
structural assumptions of125–27, 126f

content domain364

contextual factors466

contextual features482

contingency principle470

continuous assessment of interpersonal dynamics (CAID)131, 133–35, 134f, 137

continuous function imaging sequence440

contra-trait behavior84, 88

convergent validity343

cooperation96, 447

coordination96, 103, 105t

correlation network272

corresponsive principle9, 255

cortisol440

counterproductive work behavior (CWB)88–89

criminal behavior148–49, 149t

Cronbach, Lee207

Cronbach’s alpha354

cross-culture
psychology219–27, 380
research220
stability372

crud factor265

CTT. See classical test theory

cued recall320

cue extraction322

cue-perception interplay312

cues79
algorithms to extract322
auditory situation318–19
behavioral82, 213
classes of377
climate as221
cultural situational219
in health429t, 430
latent classes and324
negative valence324
objective220–21, 312
perceived344
perceptions and323–24
prioritization of324
psychological220
situational220, 221, 226, 344, 377–78, 378t
spatio-temporal213
strength-relevant84

cultural groups498–99

cultural milieu499

cultural psychology380–81, 494

cultural schema222

cultural systems, situational constraint in
discussion of74–75
empirical evidence for71–74
macro and distal62
macro ecological, historical, and socio-political affordances in68–69
micro-structural level in65–66
missing bridge in63–65, 64f
psychological processes: felt accountability in69–71
strength of situations in66–68, 67t

culture375
blind62
bound62
collectivistic223
commonalities between225
as complex, loosely integrated multilevel systems62
conservative292
individualistic223
psyche and62
replicability372
research on62
situational experience and219–20
structuralist62
variables in220–21

cumulative continuity principle411

CWB. See counterproductive work behavior

Cyberball game445

cytokine-induced sickness323

dACC. See dorsal anterior cingulate cortex

DAG. See directed acyclic graphs

daily diary312, 316–17

data/people/things (DPT)472, 472t

day reconstruction method (DRM)317

DDM. See Density Distribution Model

deception162, 207

decision making
cognitive models of100
freedom of82
informed462
reflective164
shared144, 146
social442–43
tools143

declarative knowledge4

default heuristic152

defense mechanisms379

defensive medicine (DM)145, 146

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)440

dementia459

The Denison Model477

Density Distribution Model (DDM)193, 333–35, 334f

Department of Labor, US471

dependability196

depression270, 282

designs, fixed-effects206

developmental psychology408

developmental tasks415, 416t

developmental trajectories408

DHEA. See dehydroepiandrosterone

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)124

DIAMONDS. See Situational Eight

diathesis-stress pattern31–32

Dictator game105

Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)471–72, 472b

differences
environment and152–53
individual79

differential reliability468

differential stability165, 410, 411

digital footprints421

digital media devices299 See also mobile sensing methods

digital natives421

digital questionnaires316

dimensions103, 389

directed acyclic graphs (DAGs)184

discretionary cues479

discretionary tasks475

discriminant validity343, 346

disease68, 426
avoidance324
prevalence179

disjunctive tasks474

dispositional level409

dispositions375, 376

dissociation126f

distal external factors469

distracters479

dizygotic twins26

DM. See defensive medicine

Domain I (Threat)395

Domain II (Stress)395

Domain III (Tasks)396

Domain IV (Processing)396

domains389

Domain V (Fun)396

Domain VI (Mundane)397

dominance137

dominance-relevant situation483

dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)445, 448–49

DOT. See Dictionary of Occupational Titles

DPT. See data/people/things

DRM. See day reconstruction method

DSM-5. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

duty162, 207, 323
perceived324

EA. See energetic arousal

EAR. See electronically activated records technology

EA-TA. See energetic arousal-tense arousal

ecological assessment method312

ecological momentary assessment (EMA)90, 433

ecological nationality144

ecological psychology318

ecological rationality, of situations
conflicts of interest and145
criminal behavior and148–50, 149t
defensive medicine and145
environments and individual differences in152–53
environment structure types in151–52
heuristics in the adaptive toolbox and150–51
parental investment in146–48, 147f
situation research and153–56
statistical illiteracy and145–46
three illustrations of144–50, 147f, 149t
trusting doctor in144–45

ecological sampling methods
auditory situation cues in318–19
cue-perception interplay and322–24
daily diary method316–17
DRM317
experience sampling method314–16
integration and future directions in322–24
laboratory with real-world313–14
multisensory situation cues in320–21
real-world assessment of experienced situations with314–18
real-world assessment of observed situations with318–21
for studying everyday situations312–24, 313f
visual situation cues in319–20

ecology112
behavioral115–16

economic exchange41

economics408

ECR. See event-contingent recording

edges271
weights281t

education225, 408

EEG. See electroencephalogram

effects183
fixed207–9
interindividual205
random207–9

efficacies193

eigenvalues260, 264, 265f

eigenvectors260

eLasso272

electroencephalogram (EEG)438

electronically activated records (EAR) technology161, 308, 318–19, 321, 421

electronic sampling methods (ESM)333

EMA. See ecological momentary assessment

embodiment212

emotionality32, 272

emotions56, 271, 375
arousal of135
experience of409
expressivity of75
incontinence of378
reactions to112
reappraisal of75
regulation of75
response to222
stability of169, 339t, 353, 411
support for462
suppression of75

EmotionSense321

employees81

employment screening467

endogenous opioid system448

energetic arousal (EA)170, 171f, 172, 172f, 173f

energetic arousal-tense arousal (EA-TA) space170, 171f, 172, 172f, 173f

energy intake320

engineering470

environment
adversity in32
autonomy of33
in behavior genetics29–33
CAVEs211
cognition and144
ecological318
genetics and25, 30–33
heritability and32
individual differences in152–53
information in324
lexical approach to situations and366–67
male-skewed115
modern114
neuroimaging437, 438–41
nonshared27
objective152
perceived152
personality and3
person-situation transactions and412
PE transactions253, 266, 466
phenotypes and27
situations and4
stability of411
structure143, 151–52
threats53–54
transaction3, 8
twins and26
variables in25
variance29
in workplace224–25

epidemiology428

epistemic needs64f, 70–71

equilibrium258, 262

ergonomics471

Erikson, Erik414–15

Erikson’s eight stages415

Error Management Theory106

ESM. See electronic sampling methodsexperience sampling method

ethical challenges
with EAR318–20
with MSMs308
with SenseCam320

ethnocentrism107

evaluative feedback437

evaluative judgments40

event-contingent recording (ECR)130, 137

event-contingent sampling314–15

evidence-based medicine428

evocation293

evolution112–13

evolutionary perspectives, on situations
additional aspect analysis in119–20
assessment implications for120–21
elements of113–16
individual differences in117–19
recurrent adaptive problems and112–13
sex and118–19
studies on120–21
taxonomies116–17

exchange relationship45

expectancy-value models179

expected utility models179

experienced situation182

experiences. See also situational experience
daily227
social situational265

experience sampling method (ESM)312–15, 324, 432–33, 435
studies316
surveys299

experiential learning approach96, 99–100

experimental design205

experimental research379

exploratory situation generation337–39

ex situ345, 391
raters350

extant taxonomies389
micro (task) level471–73, 472b, 472t

external conditions375

external validity212

extraversion6, 7f, 27, 85, 162, 168, 169,  See also Big Five modelHEXACO personality traits
personality judgment and491–97
standard deviation for338
state-level in332
in twins26

extraverts79, 165

extrinsic rewards466

facial feedback hypothesis206

facilitators479

factor analysis292, 370

family settings225–26

fatigue270

feelings379 See also emotions

felt accountability64, 64f, 70
psychological processes and73–74

field-dependence380

field-independence380

field observational method319

field regulation130

field theory179

FIT. See functional interdependence theory

Five-Factor Model272, 409

fixed-situation205, 208

fMRI. See functional magnetic resonance imaging

force vectors257–58, 259, 260f, 266

fraternal twins26

friendship43

functional causation184

functional dynamics184

functional fields179, 180, 199
abstract characterizations in192–96, 194f
causation in184
classes in183t
constructed from objects190–92, 191f
multifinal188–92, 188f, 189t, 191f
situations as184–86, 185f, 186f, 187f, 188–96, 188f, 189f, 191f, 194f
surgical interventions in192
trust game in185–86, 185t, 186f, 187f

Functional Interdependence Theory (FIT)96, 99, 102–3, 108, 117

functionalism179

functionality indicators180, 181f

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
adolescents and440
auditory noise in440
BOLD439
neuroscience in437
stress during438

functional mediation197–98

functional systems182–84, 183t

Fundamental Motives Framework117, 120

Fundamental Motives Theory108

Funder’s Personality Triad (persons, behaviors, and situations)206, 300, 312, 313f

fused graphical lasso269, 273, 275

game-theoretical experiments442

gaze-contingent stimuli444

gender
biological sex and179
egalitarianism478
personality traits and179
stereotypes319
studies470

general consensual knowledge377

General Factor of Personality265

genetic cascade27

genetic influences256

genetics. See also behavior genetics
environment and25, 30–31
molecular28, 29

genetic variation113

genome-wide complex trait analysis28, 29

genotypes26, 28, 31, 32

Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE)478

global network275–76, 276f

global positioning system (GPS)300, 301t, 302t, 304f, 320, 433

global scores382

global situational strength83–84

global structural organization270

GLOBE. See Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness

goal
achievement164
affiliation46
attachment-related51
change420
contagion of53
difficulty473
hierarchies of164
higher-order159
long-term160
models179
personal52
pursuit of52–53
setting473
short-term160
simultaneous164
source473
specificity473
structure184
value of51–53

Goffman, Erving66

Google’s Glass320

GPS. See global positioning system

graphical lasso272

Great Depression471

group-level associations427

gyroscope300

haptics212

The Hawthorne effect480, 483

HCU. See health care utilization

health
behavior426
characteristics in429t, 430
classes in429t, 430
cues in429t, 430
DIAMONDS in431
HEXACO personality traits in431
measurement in431–33
methodological considerations and432–34
new situation measures in432
outcomes426
personality and427–29, 429t
psychology426, 456
relevant populations in433–34
research429–32
RSQ in431
situations and426–35, 429t
systems145
template matching for431–32
theoretical framework for430

health care. See medical situations

health care utilization (HCU)426, 432

health outcomes
medical situations and456
self-reported461

heritability26–28, 31
environment and32
estimate259

heterogeneity269

heterotypic continuity410

heuristics143, 147, 148
AT150–51
biases and150, 153
default152
ecologically rational152
recognition151
social441
take-the-best149, 153
white-coat144–45

HEXACO personality traits
attributes of (honesty-humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience)107, 194, 272, 290, 389, 409
in health431

hierarchical joint factor structure398f

hierarchical linear modeling (HLM)333

hippocampus439

HLM. See hierarchical linear modeling

holistic thinking380

honesty196, 375, 411

hostile attribution bias418

human
activity classification320
behavior83, 466
coders322
development408
machine interaction471
nature409
psyche360
threat64f, 72
Twin Research and Human Genetics35

humane orientation478

humility411

Huntington’s disease29

hypotheses
facial feedback206
lexical347, 364, 366
novel264
proof-of-principle testing of253
psycholexical332
research and491, 491f
testable79

IAPS. See International Affective Picture System

identical twins26

idiosyncratic variance355

illness426

immersive virtual reality (IVR)211

immune functioning456

immune system113, 323

immunosuppression460

implicit knowledge4–5

impulsivity162

incentives83, 152

individual differences79, 80, 81f

Individual Differences in Multi-Dimensional Scaling (INDSCAL)169–70

individualism-collectivism62, 477

individuality
early presence of409–10
multiple levels of409
personality attributes and410

individual-level associations427

INDSCAL. See Individual Differences in Multi-Dimensional Scaling

industrial-organization (I-O) psychology
design470–71
job analysis466–67
leadership470
motivation469–70
OD471
personnel selection and validation467–68
situations in467–71
Society for Industrial-Organizational Psychology467
training and development468–69

industriousness196

industry477, 477t

information
AIC240, 242, 242t, 273
availability462
certainty105t
in environment324
measured in MSMs302–4, 303f, 304f
objective299
ONET471–72, 472b
situational220, 351, 389–91, 390t, 392t, 393, 393t
for situational taxonomy347, 349, 351, 389
sources of220
types of389–91, 390t

informed decision making462

in-group collectivism478

initiation42

in situ raters350, 391

insomnia270

institutional collectivism478

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)308

insula442, 444

integrated taxonomy
convergences among393, 395
hierarchical models of393t, 400
jingle fallacies and400–401
joint394f, 397, 398f
moving forward with398–401, 399f
psychological assessment and394f, 398–99
psychological situations and389–401, 390t, 392t, 393t, 394f, 395t, 398f, 399f
replication in394f, 395–97, 395t, 399–400
situational389–91, 390t, 392t, 393, 393t
theory building and401
types of information in389–91, 390t

intellect162, 193, 207, 323, 339t

intensive repeated measures124

interactional psychology466

interaction effects427

interactionism14, 79, 336, 428

interactionist407

intercorrelation matrix292

interdependence. See also social situations
APIM3, 6, 10
ASIM3, 10, 10f
biased inferences and105t, 106
in daily life106–7
FIT and96, 99, 102–3, 108, 117
future105t
inference cues for105
measures of103–5, 105t
mental templates measure and103–4
objective variations of97–99, 99f
other situation taxonomies and108
personality and107–8
prototypical97–98
SIS104–5, 107–8, 392t, 393t, 394f
subjective perceptions of99

interdependence theory
asymmetry of dependence in99
basis of99
covariation of interests in98–99
degrees in98, 99f
experiential learning and99–100
FIT96, 99, 102–3, 108, 117

interdisciplinary science450

intergroup conflict107

interindividual effects205

internal regulatory variables117

internal validity212

International Affective Picture System (IAPS)443

International Situations Project (ISP)224, 292, 295, 296

interpersonal circumplex (IPC)124–26, 126f

interpersonal complementarity127

interpersonal dependency87

interpersonal field128

interpersonal patterns127

interpersonal relationships225

interpersonal security128

interpersonal situation
accuracy/distortion in130
CAID131, 133–35, 134f, 137
CIIT and125–28, 126f
dynamics studies in133–35, 134f
ECR studies in131–33
future directions in137–38
normal and disturbed functioning of129–30, 130f
personality, psychopathology and psychotherapy in130–35, 134f
in psychotherapy practice and training135–37, 136f, 137f
regulation/dysregulation in129–30
structure and process in128–30, 129f, 130f, 131f

inter-situational taxonomy347

interval-based sampling315

interval-contingent sampling314

intimacy226

intra-individual mean score231

intra-situational taxonomy347

introversion161

I-O. See industrial-organization psychology

IPC. See interpersonal circumplex

IRBs. See Institutional Review Boards

IRT. See item response theory

isolation380–83, 382t

ISP. See International Situations Project

Item characteristic curves (ICCs)17–19, 18f

item response theory (IRT)14, 17, 22

IVR. See immersive virtual reality

James, William48

jangle fallacies400–401

JCM. See job characteristics model

jealousy15

jingle fallacies400–401

job
analysis466, 467
characteristics theory469
complexity481
design466
enrichment471
relatedness467
resources474
stress research82

job characteristics model (JCM)475–78, 475b, 475t, 476t
goal setting473
stressors473–74, 474t

Joint Seven-Factor Solution399f

joint taxonomization352–53

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology209

Journal of Research in Personality428

judgement criteria350

judges491

juxta situm raters350, 391

kin care324

knowledge
declarative4
explicit4
general consensual377
implicit4–5
subjective377
tacit4–5

knowledge, skills, abilities, and other qualities (KSAOs)467, 468, 482

languages291–93, 294, 375
evaluative nature of371
replication across372

lasso269, 272

latency159, 160, 164–65

latent state residual variables232

latent state-trait for random and fixed situations (LST-RF approach)245–46, 246f, 250

latent state-trait (LST) theory
applications of240, 241t, 242, 242t, 243t, 244, 244t
basic models of232–39, 233f, 234f, 235f, 236f, 237f, 238f, 239f
complex models of244–46, 245f, 246f, 247f, 248–50, 249f
hybrid state variability/trait change models in234–38, 235f, 236f, 237f, 238f
interaction effects models in245
key concepts of231–32
LST-RF approach in245–46, 246f
measure of240
method effects due to heterogeneous indicators in238–39, 239f
mixture distribution models248–50
MM-LST-RF approach246, 247f, 248
MM models for multiple indicators per method in244–45, 245f
MM-MTMS model245
model overview flow chart for249f
models for categorical data248–50, 249f
models for categorical latent variables248
models for categorical observed variables248
models with autoregression among state residual234
MTMM analysis238
MTMS model233, 234f, 237f, 238f
other situation data and covariates in250
overview of231
participants and procedures in240
results240, 241t, 242, 242t, 243t, 244, 244t
STARTS model234, 235f
STMS model233, 233f, 235f, 236f, 238f
STt factors in234, 235f
TSO model234
variability models232–34, 233f, 234f, 235f

latent trait232

latent variable modeling270, 280
in person-situation data230–50, 233f, 234f, 235f, 236f, 237f, 238f, 239f, 241t, 242t, 243t, 244t, 245f, 246f, 247f, 249f

latent variables355

law of effect184

lay theories490, 491, 493–94

L-CFA. See longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis models

leader-member exchange (LMX) theory470

leadership466, 470

lean production471

Lee Kuan Yew68

Lewin, Kurt3–4, 55, 181, 184, 206, 376

Lewin’s equation9–10, 143–44, 154, 156, 356, 467

Lewin’s field theory179

Lewin’s formula3

lexical analogue332

lexical approach, to situations
applications of366–70
concerns regarding370–71
cross-cultural stability in372
domain of interest in363
early pseudo applications in366
environments and366–67
evaluative nature of language in371
explorations363
initial data collection and analysis in365–66
initial item poop in363–65
limitations of360
major components361–62
objective situations in367–68
practical guidance for363–66
psychological situations368–70
replication of366
researchers371
single-terms in371–72
taxonomic research in362–63

lexical exploration373

lexical history360

lexical hypothesis347, 364, 366

lexical research360

lexical review360

lexical stimuli371

lexical taxonomy371

lexical vector representations370

life
course theory407, 408
daily106–7
domains466
experiences179, 255
history strategy112, 118
RL-MS-MM-MT-MG design398
StudentLife321
tasks407
transitions408

lifespan development407–13, 413t, 418–22
developmental tasks across414–17, 416t
DIAMONDS and415

light sensor300, 301t, 302t

Likert-type scale315

limited growth curves16, 16f

linear growth pattern244

Lived Day Analysis318

LMX. See leader-member exchange theory

logistic function17, 18

longevity426, 456

longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis (L-CFA) models230, 231

LST. See latent state-trait theory

LST-RF. See latent state-trait for random and fixed situations

macro (organizational, cultural) level
climate and culture476–77, 476t
industry477, 477t
national culture477–78

macro-structure160

manifestations331

masculinity-femininity477

mating162, 207

mating factor279

maturity principle256, 411

Maximizing Difference game100, 101f

McDonald’s Omega354

ME. See measurement equivalence

mean and variance adjusted weighted least squares (WLSMV)248

mean-level stability411

measurement equivalence (ME)233

measurement invariance291

mediating behavioral states80–81

medical literature457

medical settings, psychological research in463

medical situations
anxiety with456, 458–59
biomedical sciences210
characteristics of456, 457, 461–62
classes of457–59
cues in456, 457, 459–61
definition and organization of457
health outcomes and456
integrative model of457f
limitations and future direction in462–63
manipulating features of462
outcomes in457f, 458
research in463
RSQ in294
TMSI458, 463

melancholy172, 172f, 173f

memory
consolidation137, 439
long-term4
processes320
working441

mental health462

mental templates approach96, 99–102, 101f, 103–4, 107

meso (group) level
moral emotions475, 475b
negotiation475–76
norms475
teams474–75, 475t

metaconcepts126f

method effects230

method of constant stimuli18

micro (task) level taxonomies
DOT/ONET471–72, 472b
DPT472, 472t
RIASEC472–73

microphone300, 301t, 302t

micro-structure63, 160

Milgram, Stanley205, 209, 211, 274

The Milgram Experiment212–14, 213f

MLM. See multi-level regression modeling

ML-SEM. See multilevel structural equation modeling

MM. See multimethod research

MM-LST-RF. See multimethod latent state-trait for random and fixed situations

MM-MTMS. See multimethod multi-trait multi-state model

mobile sensing methods (MSMs)320–21
activities and303
automated assessments and305, 306f
data sources from301t
ecological sampling methods for312–13, 313f
ethical issues with308
incentives for309
information measured in302–4, 303f, 304f
locations and303–4, 304f
objective situation assessment via309
objects and303
participation and305, 308–9
practical considerations and challenges with307–9
psychological research using299
situational cues and302, 302t
situations research using304–7, 306f
smartphone-sensing study303f, 304f
social interactions and302, 303f
technical setup and analytic skills for307–8
time and304
types from sensed cues in305–7

mobile sensors299, 301t, 302t

mobile technology324

moderation86

monozygotic twins26

mood15

moral behavior339

moral character339

moral emotions475, 475b

mortality rates72

motivation96, 271, 375, 447

motivational force190

motives, fundamental112

MSMs. See mobile sensing methods

MTMM. See multitrait-multimethod analysis

MTMS. See multi-trait multi-state model

multi-level regression modeling (MLM)230, 338

multilevel structural equation modeling (ML-SEM)250

multilevel theory of tightness-looseness (TL)64–65, 64f, 68–69, 71–72

multimethod latent state-trait for random and fixed situations (MM-LST-RF approach)246, 247f, 248, 250

multimethod multi-trait multi-state (MM-MTMS) model245

multimethod (MM) research230

multiplicative effects427

multiplicative forks346

multi-rater designs35

multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analysis230, 238

multi-trait multi-state (MTMS) model233, 234f, 235f, 237f, 238, 242t, 244

narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)132, 319

narcissists132, 319

The Narrative Clip320

narrow socialization69

national culture477–78

naturalistic observation299, 312

natural resources68

nature imagery460

negative valence cues324, 351

negativity162, 207

negotiation475–76

network. See also psychological situations
analysis269–82, 271f, 276f, 277f, 277t, 281t
attentional439–40
attitude274
correlation272
directed272
edges271, 271f
global275–76, 276f
indices273–74
nodes271, 271f
nomological80, 92, 346, 401
ONET471–72, 472b
partial correlation272
PPN448, 449
psychopathology274
scale-free274
signed271
social9, 42–43, 46
social influence and46
undirected272
unsigned271
unweighted271
weighted271
wireless sensor299

neural activity438

neural responses437

neurobiological systems409

neurocognition470

neuroimaging environment437

neuroimaging research444–49

neuropsychology62

neuroscience, in social situations
auditory noise in439–40
contextual effects on physical pain in448–49
contextual effects on social pain449
developmental and clinical research in440–41
EEG438
effects of anxiety in439
effects of stress in438–39
evaluative feedback for444–45
fMRI437
future challenges in449–50
methods for creation of441–45
neural responses in437
neuroimaging environment438–41
neuroimaging on negative experiences448–49
neuroimaging research446–48
psychological effects in439
social decision making in442–43
social exclusion in445
virtual social interactions443–44

neuroticism6, 15, 154, 161–65, 170, 215 See also Big Five model
countries with highest rates of224
prediction of6f

nodes271, 274, 282

nomological net343, 351–52, 355–56

nomological network80, 92, 346, 401