
Contents
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13.1 Motivating Paradigm: The Executive Branch as a Gendered Institution 13.1 Motivating Paradigm: The Executive Branch as a Gendered Institution
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13.1.1 Why Democracies Need Women in Executive Politics 13.1.1 Why Democracies Need Women in Executive Politics
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13.2 Challenges to Studying Women and Executive Politics 13.2 Challenges to Studying Women and Executive Politics
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13.2.1 Limited Observations and Randomization 13.2.1 Limited Observations and Randomization
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13.2.2 Difficulty in Data Acquisition 13.2.2 Difficulty in Data Acquisition
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13.3 Existing Scholarship on Women and Executive Politics 13.3 Existing Scholarship on Women and Executive Politics
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13.3.1 Accessing Executive Power 13.3.1 Accessing Executive Power
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13.3.1.1 Culture and Development 13.3.1.1 Culture and Development
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13.3.1.2 Selection Rules and Norms 13.3.1.2 Selection Rules and Norms
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13.3.1.3 Political Opportunities 13.3.1.3 Political Opportunities
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13.3.2 Executive Gender and Policy Effects 13.3.2 Executive Gender and Policy Effects
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13.3.2.1 Female-Friendly Policies 13.3.2.1 Female-Friendly Policies
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13.3.2.2 Masculine Policies 13.3.2.2 Masculine Policies
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13.3.3 Executive Gender and Audience Effects 13.3.3 Executive Gender and Audience Effects
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13.4 Directions for Future Research 13.4 Directions for Future Research
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13.4.1 Rethinking and Broadening Pathways to Power Research 13.4.1 Rethinking and Broadening Pathways to Power Research
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13.4.2 Rethinking and Broadening Policy Impact Research 13.4.2 Rethinking and Broadening Policy Impact Research
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13.4.3 Rethinking and Broadening Audience Effects Research 13.4.3 Rethinking and Broadening Audience Effects Research
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13.5 Conclusions 13.5 Conclusions
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References References
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13 Women and Executive Politics
Get accessDiana Z. O’Brien is Albert Thomas Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at Rice University. Her research and teaching focuses on the causes and consequences of women’s political representation in established democracies and across the globe. She has published articles on these topics in journals including the American Political Science Review, American Journal of Political Science, Journal of Politics, Politics & Gender, and Comparative Politics.
Catherine Reyes-Housholder is Postdoctoral Researcher at the Centre for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES) and Associate Researcher at the Institute for Social Science Research (ICSO) at the Universidad Diego Portales in Santiago, Chile. She researches presidency and gender primarily in Latin America. Her work has been published or is forthcoming in Comparative Politics, Politics Groups and Identities, Latin American Politics and Society, and the Journal of Politics in Latin America. She also has written book chapters on women, gender, and executive politics for several edited volumes. She won the 2017 Best Dissertation prize awarded by the American Political Science Association’s Women and Politics section.
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Published:06 August 2020
Cite
Abstract
We address the origins and consequences of male dominance over—and women’s entrance into—executive politics. The executive branch is gendered masculine, perpetuating men’s overrepresentation as cabinet ministers and heads of government. Scholars have shown that women’s inclusion in these posts is explained by institutional factors, rather than cultural and developmental variables. Studies addressing policy and audience effects, however, are fewer and less conclusive. Building on existing work, future scholarship should clarify how and why women’s presence in executive posts enhances modern democracies. New research should also integrate more insights from executive politics research. Scholars must propose and test conditional hypotheses to account for the mixed impact of women’s inclusion. Finally, researchers should explore how gender affects pathways to power, incentives to govern differently, and public approval. Though much work remains, it is already clear that executive politics cannot be fully understood in the absence of a gendered perspective.
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