
Contents
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Sources of Listening Experience Sources of Listening Experience
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Sources of Difficulty Sources of Difficulty
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Sources of Help Sources of Help
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Background Knowledge Background Knowledge
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Visual Context Visual Context
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L2 Knowledge L2 Knowledge
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Skills Skills
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The Strategy/Skill Relationship The Strategy/Skill Relationship
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Skills in Action Skills in Action
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Strategies Strategies
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Future Directions Future Directions
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21 Language Transfer and Cross Linguistic Studies: Relativism, Universalism, and the Native Language
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5 Listening: Sources, Skills, and Strategies
Get accessTony Lynch is senior lecturer at the Institute for Applied Language Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, where he is involved primarily in teaching English to international students and in second language teacher education. His books include Listening (cowritten with Anne Anderson), Communication in the Language Classroom, and a new edition of Study Listening. He recently completed Teaching Second Language Listening. He is now researching second language listeners' informal practice strategies and is happy to respond to messages at http://[email protected].
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Published:18 September 2012
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Abstract
“Listening is hard work, and deserves more analysis and support”. This article focuses on the skill of listening, its sources, skills and strategies. Even in one's first language one may encounter difficulties in understanding speech, including internal factors such as emotional distraction or toothache, or lack of interest in the topic, or negative reaction to the speaker, or having to prepare a response to what is being said. When listening to a second language, one faces additional problems due to external factors related to speaker or to text: novel expressions, speed of speaking, accent, unfamiliar content and cultural references, and so on. This article focuses first on the sources of listening experience, sources of comprehension difficulty, and the sources of help the listener can draw on in the form of background knowledge, visual context, and linguistic knowledge. Sources of listening skills are explained in details followed by future investigations of listening strategies.
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