
Contents
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Measuring Stages of Change Measuring Stages of Change
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The Stage of Change Algorithm The Stage of Change Algorithm
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Questionnaires Questionnaires
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The University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA) The University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA)
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The Readiness to Change Questionnaire The Readiness to Change Questionnaire
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The Stage of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale The Stage of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale
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Shorter Measures of Readiness to Change Shorter Measures of Readiness to Change
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Is Readiness to Change Better Seen as a Continuum or as Stages of Change? Is Readiness to Change Better Seen as a Continuum or as Stages of Change?
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Budd and Rollnick’s Test of the Transtheoretical Model Budd and Rollnick’s Test of the Transtheoretical Model
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Atheoretical Changes Lead to a Better Fit Atheoretical Changes Lead to a Better Fit
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Critical Correlations Between Scales Critical Correlations Between Scales
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Direct Effect of Precontemplation on Action Direct Effect of Precontemplation on Action
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A Hierarchical Model with a Higher Order Factor Fits the Data Well A Hierarchical Model with a Higher Order Factor Fits the Data Well
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A Single RCQ Scale Yields a High Coefficient α A Single RCQ Scale Yields a High Coefficient α
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A New Test of the Transtheoretical Model A New Test of the Transtheoretical Model
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Data Source Data Source
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Assessment Assessment
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Statistical Analysis Statistical Analysis
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Results Results
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Interpretation Interpretation
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Assumptions of a Genuine Stage Theory Assumptions of a Genuine Stage Theory
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Irreversibility Irreversibility
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An Invariant Sequence of Stages An Invariant Sequence of Stages
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Determinants of Stage Movements Determinants of Stage Movements
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The Predictive Validity of Stages of Change The Predictive Validity of Stages of Change
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Stage Effects Stage Effects
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Forward Stage Transitions Forward Stage Transitions
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Stage-Based Interventions Stage-Based Interventions
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Stage Matching Stage Matching
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Brief Interventions Brief Interventions
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Project Match Project Match
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United Kingdom Alcohol Treatment Trial United Kingdom Alcohol Treatment Trial
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Stage Tailoring Stage Tailoring
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Tests of the Expert System Intervention Tests of the Expert System Intervention
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Another Test of Stage Tailoring Another Test of Stage Tailoring
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Tests of the Social Cognitive Stage Model Tests of the Social Cognitive Stage Model
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Summary of Findings on Stage-Based Interventions Summary of Findings on Stage-Based Interventions
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Other Criticisms of the Transtheoretical Model Other Criticisms of the Transtheoretical Model
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Model Justifies Ignoring Those Who Are Not Ready to Change Model Justifies Ignoring Those Who Are Not Ready to Change
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Model Gives a Poor Explanation of Development and Change in Addictive Disorders Model Gives a Poor Explanation of Development and Change in Addictive Disorders
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The Model Ignores the Social Determinants of Behavior and Behavior Change The Model Ignores the Social Determinants of Behavior and Behavior Change
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Level of Addiction Predicts Behavior Change Better than the Stages of Change Level of Addiction Predicts Behavior Change Better than the Stages of Change
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The Model Is Descriptive Rather than Explanatory The Model Is Descriptive Rather than Explanatory
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Strengths of the Transtheoretical Model Strengths of the Transtheoretical Model
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Behavior Change Is Viewed as a Process Rather than an Event Behavior Change Is Viewed as a Process Rather than an Event
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The Model Increases the Impact of Interventions The Model Increases the Impact of Interventions
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The Model Fits a New Paradigm for Understanding Addictive Disorders The Model Fits a New Paradigm for Understanding Addictive Disorders
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Conclusions Conclusions
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Assessment Assessment
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Stages or Continuum? Stages or Continuum?
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Stage Theory Assumptions Stage Theory Assumptions
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Predictive Validity Predictive Validity
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Stage-Based Interventions Stage-Based Interventions
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Other Criticisms Other Criticisms
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Strengths Strengths
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The Transtheoretical Model: Current Status and Future Prospects The Transtheoretical Model: Current Status and Future Prospects
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References References
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12 Readiness to Change and the Transtheoretical Model as Applied to Addictive Disorders: A Balanced Appraisal
Get accessNick Heather is Emeritus Professor of Alcohol and Other Drug Studies within the Department of Psychology, Northumbria University.
Johannes Hönekopp is a Senior Lecturer within the Department of Psychology, Northumbria University.
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Published:16 December 2013
Cite
Abstract
Despite great popularity among practitioners and some researchers, the transtheoretical model (TTM) has been strongly criticized. The intention of this essay is not to defend the TTM against these criticisms but to judge which have merit, which do not, and which should lead to improvements in the model. Claimed strengths of the TTM are also considered. Among various conclusions reached, it is argued that, although criticisms of the algorithm method of stage assignment are justified, readiness to change is better viewed in terms of stages of change rather than as a continuum and that stages or phases of change remain indispensable in understanding and responding to addictive disorders. The overall conclusion is that putting the TTM to rest would be to lose much of value but that a variant of the TTM, the social cognitive stage model, represents a theoretical advance.
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