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Introduction Introduction
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Autoimmune Disorders and Autism Autoimmune Disorders and Autism
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Other Potential Causes Linked to Autism Other Potential Causes Linked to Autism
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Synaptic Disorders, Autism and Intellectual Disabilities Synaptic Disorders, Autism and Intellectual Disabilities
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Mapping Genetic Causes of Autism and Intellectual Disabilities to the Synapse Mapping Genetic Causes of Autism and Intellectual Disabilities to the Synapse
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Conclusion Conclusion
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References References
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49 Overview of Autism and Intellectual Disabilities
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Published:August 2016
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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and intellectual disabilities (ID) are prevalent causes of brain dysfunction in childhood and they have a significant public health impact on quality of life and the ability to live independently. ID is defined by the presence of an intelligence quotient less than 70 on a standardized test combined with impaired adaptive skills of daily living, whereas autism is defined by a combination of impaired language and social skills as well as the presence of stereotyped movements or behaviors. The prevalence of ID is estimated to be 1/100 population, with higher numbers in low resource countries, whereas the prevalence of autism is estimated to be 1 in 68, 1/42 boys and 1/189 girls. Approximately 70% of individuals with autism also meet the criteria for ID, but ID is not necessary for the diagnosis of autism. Genetic disorders are an important cause of autism, and 80% of identical twins will share autism if it is present in one twin, whereas the rate of concurrence in fraternal twins is 30%. This overview describes some general features of the causation and neurobiology of ID and ASD that are discussed in more detail in the chapters on specific pediatric disorders later in this section.
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