
Contents
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H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors
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Physiology of acid secretion Physiology of acid secretion
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Pharmacology Pharmacology
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Histamine receptor-2 blockers Histamine receptor-2 blockers
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Proton pump inhibtiors Proton pump inhibtiors
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Pathophysiology of stress ulcers Pathophysiology of stress ulcers
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Factors contributing to mucosal disease Factors contributing to mucosal disease
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Coagulation effects Coagulation effects
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Stress ulcer prophylaxis Stress ulcer prophylaxis
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Definitions Definitions
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Risk factors Risk factors
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Mechanical ventilation >48 h Mechanical ventilation >48 h
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Coagulopathy Coagulopathy
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Other Other
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Benefits of prophylaxis Benefits of prophylaxis
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Risks of prophylaxis Risks of prophylaxis
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Ventilator-associated pneumonia Ventilator-associated pneumonia
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Infectious gastroenteritis Infectious gastroenteritis
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Outcomes Outcomes
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Treatment of acute bleeding after endoscopy Treatment of acute bleeding after endoscopy
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Antiemetics Antiemetics
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Mechanisms of nausea and vomiting Mechanisms of nausea and vomiting
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Vomiting centre Vomiting centre
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Chemoreceptor trigger zone Chemoreceptor trigger zone
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Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters
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Motor outputs Motor outputs
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Antiemetic drugs Antiemetic drugs
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Anticholinergics Anticholinergics
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Hyoscine Hyoscine
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Antihistamines Antihistamines
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Cyclizine Cyclizine
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Antidopaminergics Antidopaminergics
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Metoclopramide Metoclopramide
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Chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine
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5-HT3 receptor antagonists 5-HT3 receptor antagonists
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Granisetron Granisetron
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Corticosteroids Corticosteroids
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Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
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Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists
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Aprepitant Aprepitant
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Cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist Cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist
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Nabilone Nabilone
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Miscellaneous agents Miscellaneous agents
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Clinical approach Clinical approach
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PONV PONV
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On the ICU On the ICU
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Gut motility agents Gut motility agents
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Introduction Introduction
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Indications Indications
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Motility agents Motility agents
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Erythromycin Erythromycin
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Erythromycin versus metoclopramide Erythromycin versus metoclopramide
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Metoclopramide Metoclopramide
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Domperidone Domperidone
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Cisapride Cisapride
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Neostigmine Neostigmine
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Gastroparesis and diabetes Gastroparesis and diabetes
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Alternative treatment stratagies Alternative treatment stratagies
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Summary Summary
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Antidiarrhoeals Antidiarrhoeals
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Risk factors and causes of diarrhoea Risk factors and causes of diarrhoea
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Antidiarrhoeal drugs Antidiarrhoeal drugs
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Antimotility drugs Antimotility drugs
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Loperamide Loperamide
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Codeine phosphate Codeine phosphate
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Co-phenotrope Co-phenotrope
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Antispasmodics Antispasmodics
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Atropine Atropine
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Hyoscine butylbromide Hyoscine butylbromide
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Bulk-forming agents Bulk-forming agents
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Ispaghula husk Ispaghula husk
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Methylcellulose Methylcellulose
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Enteral supplements Enteral supplements
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Soluble fibre Soluble fibre
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Probiotics Probiotics
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Prebiotics Prebiotics
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Synbiotics Synbiotics
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Constipation in critical care Constipation in critical care
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Treatments Treatments
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Bulk-forming laxatives Bulk-forming laxatives
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Stimulant laxatives Stimulant laxatives
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Osmotic laxatives Osmotic laxatives
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Emollient laxatives Emollient laxatives
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Suppositories and enemas Suppositories and enemas
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Motility agents Motility agents
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Opioid antagonists Opioid antagonists
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Miscellaneous drugs Miscellaneous drugs
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Special situations Special situations
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Palliative care Palliative care
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Spinal cord injury Spinal cord injury
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Liver failure Liver failure
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Multiple choice questions and further reading Multiple choice questions and further reading
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Cite
Abstract
This chapter discusses gastrointestinal drugs and includes discussion on H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors (including discussion on physiology of acid secretion, pharmacology, pathophysiology of stress ulcers, stress ulcer prophylaxis, and treatment of acute bleeding after endoscopy), antiemetics (including discussion on mechanisms of nausea and vomiting, antiemetic drugs, and clinical approach), gut motility agents (indications, erythromycin, erythromycin versus metoclopramide, metoclopramide, domperidone, cisapride, neostigmine, and alternative treatment strategies), antidiarrhoeals (risk factors and causes of diarrhoea, antidiarrhoeal drugs, and enteral supplements), and constipation in critical care. This includes pathophysiology of and risk factors for constipation, treatments including bulk-forming, stimulating, osmotic, and emollient laxatives, as well as suppositories and enemas, motility agents, and opioid antagonists. It also outlines special circumstances, including palliative care, spinal cord injury, and liver failure patients.
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