
Contents
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Initial management of major trauma Initial management of major trauma
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Head injury Head injury
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Definition Definition
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Incidence Incidence
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Primary brain injury Primary brain injury
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Secondary brain injury Secondary brain injury
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The failure of adequate oxygen delivery The failure of adequate oxygen delivery
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Post-trauma cell injury mechanisms Post-trauma cell injury mechanisms
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Clinical management Clinical management
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Initial assessment and immediate management Initial assessment and immediate management
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Investigation, referral, transfer, and surgical intervention Investigation, referral, transfer, and surgical intervention
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Intensive care Intensive care
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Monitoring Monitoring
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ICP ICP
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Metabolic monitoring Metabolic monitoring
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Focal tissue oxygenation Focal tissue oxygenation
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Jugular bulb oxygen saturation Jugular bulb oxygen saturation
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Cerebral bloodflow Cerebral bloodflow
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Microdialysis Microdialysis
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General intensive care unit care General intensive care unit care
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Specific treatment of raised ICP Specific treatment of raised ICP
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Hyperventilation Hyperventilation
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Hypertonic solutions Hypertonic solutions
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Metabolic suppression Metabolic suppression
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Surgical intervention Surgical intervention
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Cerebral protection Cerebral protection
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Hypothermia Hypothermia
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Spinal trauma Spinal trauma
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C spine clearance C spine clearance
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Autonomic hyperreflexia Autonomic hyperreflexia
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VTE VTE
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Drugs Drugs
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Chest trauma Chest trauma
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Clinical approach Clinical approach
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Tension pneumothorax Tension pneumothorax
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Haemothorax Haemothorax
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Aortic injury Aortic injury
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Flail segment Flail segment
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Pulmonary contusion Pulmonary contusion
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Diaphragmatic rupture Diaphragmatic rupture
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Air embolism Air embolism
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Cardiac tamponade Cardiac tamponade
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Myocardial contusion Myocardial contusion
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Oesophageal injuries Oesophageal injuries
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Pelvic trauma Pelvic trauma
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Introduction Introduction
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Classification Classification
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APC APC
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LC LC
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Vertical shear Vertical shear
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Traumatic hemipelvectomy Traumatic hemipelvectomy
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Examination Examination
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Investigations Investigations
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Bleeding and initial management Bleeding and initial management
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Urogenital injury Urogenital injury
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Operative treatment Operative treatment
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Definitive treatment Definitive treatment
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Non-operative treatment Non-operative treatment
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External fixation External fixation
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Percutaneous screws Percutaneous screws
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Symphysis plate Symphysis plate
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Laparotomy Laparotomy
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Acetabular fracture Acetabular fracture
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Complications Complications
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VTE VTE
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Sepsis Sepsis
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Genitourinary Genitourinary
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Chronic pain Chronic pain
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Burns—fluid management Burns—fluid management
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Introduction Introduction
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Pathophysiology Pathophysiology
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Resuscitation Resuscitation
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Resuscitation formulae Resuscitation formulae
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Fluid type Fluid type
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Resuscitation endpoints Resuscitation endpoints
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Fluid creep Fluid creep
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Burns—general management Burns—general management
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Burn wounds Burn wounds
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Mechanisms of injury Mechanisms of injury
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Scalds Scalds
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Flame burns Flame burns
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Flash burns Flash burns
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Contact burns Contact burns
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Chemical burns Chemical burns
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Electrical burns Electrical burns
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Inhalational injury Inhalational injury
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Immediate care Immediate care
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Minor burns Minor burns
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Major burns Major burns
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Airway Airway
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Breathing Breathing
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Carbon monoxide poisoning Carbon monoxide poisoning
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Cyanide poisoning Cyanide poisoning
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Circulation Circulation
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Circumferential burns Circumferential burns
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Referral to a specialist centre Referral to a specialist centre
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Postresuscitation care Postresuscitation care
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Superficial burns Superficial burns
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Deep burns Deep burns
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Sepsis Sepsis
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Hypermetabolism Hypermetabolism
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Penetrating trauma Penetrating trauma
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Introduction Introduction
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Pathophysiology Pathophysiology
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Treatment Treatment
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Initial assessment Initial assessment
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Damage control Damage control
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CT scan CT scan
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Head and neck Head and neck
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The chest The chest
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The abdomen The abdomen
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Extremity injury Extremity injury
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Ongoing ICU care Ongoing ICU care
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Multiple choice questions and further reading Multiple choice questions and further reading
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Cite
Abstract
This chapter discusses trauma and burns and includes discussion on initial management of major trauma (ABCDE), head injury (both primary and secondary, but also clinical management, general intensive care unit care, and specific treatment of raised intracranial pressure), spinal trauma, chest trauma, pelvic trauma, the fluid management of burns and the general management of burns, and penetrating trauma. The concepts of permissive hypotension, ongoing resuscitation, and injury severity scores are discussed, together with the importance of the tertiary survey. The need for treatment in a centre that can deal with all aspects of multiple trauma and the rapid transfer to such a centre is emphasized. Burns treatment includes the effect of inhalational injury to the airway. The need for treatment in a centre that can deal with all aspects of multiple trauma and the rapid transfer to such a centre is emphasized.
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