
Carl Waldmann (ed.)
et al.
Published:
01 July 2019
Online ISBN:
9780191790393
Print ISBN:
9780198723561
Contents
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β-Adrenergic agonists β-Adrenergic agonists
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Effects of β-adrenergic agonists Effects of β-adrenergic agonists
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Drugs Drugs
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Adrenaline Adrenaline
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Noradrenaline Noradrenaline
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Isoprenaline Isoprenaline
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Dopamine Dopamine
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Dobutamine Dobutamine
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Dopexamine Dopexamine
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Ephedrine Ephedrine
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Salbutamol Salbutamol
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Role of β-agonist drugs Role of β-agonist drugs
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High-risk surgical patient High-risk surgical patient
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Postcardiac surgery Postcardiac surgery
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Cardiogenic shock Cardiogenic shock
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Septic shock Septic shock
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Multiorgan failure Multiorgan failure
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Phosphodiesterase inhibitors Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
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Non-selective PDE inhibitors Non-selective PDE inhibitors
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Methylxanthines Methylxanthines
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Selective PDE inhibitors Selective PDE inhibitors
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PDE3 inhibitors PDE3 inhibitors
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Milrinone Milrinone
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Enoximone Enoximone
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Amrinone Amrinone
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Dipyridamole Dipyridamole
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PDE4 inhibitors PDE4 inhibitors
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PDE5 inhibitors PDE5 inhibitors
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Sildenafil Sildenafil
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Vasodilators Vasodilators
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Nitrates Nitrates
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Glyceryl trinitrate Glyceryl trinitrate
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Isosorbide mononitrate Isosorbide mononitrate
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Isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide dinitrate
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Directly acting vasodilators Directly acting vasodilators
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Sodium nitroprusside Sodium nitroprusside
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Hydralazine Hydralazine
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Diazoxide Diazoxide
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Calcium antagonists Calcium antagonists
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α-Adrenergic receptor antagonists α-Adrenergic receptor antagonists
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Other α-receptor antagonists Other α-receptor antagonists
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Mixed α- and β-antagonists Mixed α- and β-antagonists
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Centrally acting vasodilators Centrally acting vasodilators
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Angiotensin inhibitors Angiotensin inhibitors
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
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Pulmonary vasodilators Pulmonary vasodilators
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PH in the critically ill PH in the critically ill
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Chronic pulmonary vasodilator therapy Chronic pulmonary vasodilator therapy
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Vasopressors Vasopressors
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Classes of vasopressors Classes of vasopressors
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Indications Indications
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Contraindications and cautions Contraindications and cautions
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Effects and side-effects Effects and side-effects
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Cardiovascular effects Cardiovascular effects
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Effects on the splanchnic circulation Effects on the splanchnic circulation
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Effects on peripheral circulation Effects on peripheral circulation
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Metabolic effects Metabolic effects
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Bacterial growth Bacterial growth
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Immune effects Immune effects
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Pharmacology of specific agents Pharmacology of specific agents
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α1-Adrenoceptor agonists α1-Adrenoceptor agonists
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Vasopressin receptor agonists Vasopressin receptor agonists
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Guanylate cyclase inhibitors Guanylate cyclase inhibitors
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Use of vasopressors in specific situations Use of vasopressors in specific situations
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Septic shock Septic shock
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Vasoplegic shock Vasoplegic shock
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Cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest
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Brain injury Brain injury
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Antiarrhythmic agents Antiarrhythmic agents
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Drugs for tachyarrhythmia Drugs for tachyarrhythmia
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Adenosine Adenosine
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Amiodarone Amiodarone
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β-Blockers β-Blockers
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Esmolol Esmolol
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Metoprolol Metoprolol
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Sotalol Sotalol
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Calcium channel blockers Calcium channel blockers
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Verapamil Verapamil
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Diltiazem Diltiazem
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Digoxin Digoxin
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Flecainide Flecainide
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Lidocaine Lidocaine
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Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate
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Drugs for bradyarrhythmia Drugs for bradyarrhythmia
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Adrenaline Adrenaline
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Atropine Atropine
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Dopamine Dopamine
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Isoprenaline Isoprenaline
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Chronotropes Chronotropes
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Introduction Introduction
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Positive chronotropes Positive chronotropes
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Adrenaline Adrenaline
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Isoprenaline Isoprenaline
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Atropine (atropine sulfate) Atropine (atropine sulfate)
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Glycopyrronium bromide (glycopyrrolate) Glycopyrronium bromide (glycopyrrolate)
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Glucagon Glucagon
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PDE inhibitors PDE inhibitors
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Aminophylline Aminophylline
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Theophylline Theophylline
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Negative chronotropes Negative chronotropes
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β-Blockers β-Blockers
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Esmolol Esmolol
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Propranolol Propranolol
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Metoprolol Metoprolol
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Adverse effects of β-blockers: Adverse effects of β-blockers:
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Contraindications to β-blockers Contraindications to β-blockers
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CCBs CCBs
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Verapamil Verapamil
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Diltiazem Diltiazem
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Digoxin Digoxin
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Amiodarone Amiodarone
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class III antiarrhythmic class III antiarrhythmic
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Magnesium Magnesium
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Electrical methodsTranscutaneous pacing Electrical methodsTranscutaneous pacing
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Temporary transvenous pacing Temporary transvenous pacing
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Antianginal agents Antianginal agents
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Pathophysiology Pathophysiology
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β-Blockers β-Blockers
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Other beneficial actions Other beneficial actions
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Cardiac and circulatory adverse actions Cardiac and circulatory adverse actions
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Extracirculatory adverse actions Extracirculatory adverse actions
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Pharmacokinetics and drug specifics Pharmacokinetics and drug specifics
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β-Blocker overdose β-Blocker overdose
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CCBs CCBs
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Pharmacokinetics and drug specifics Pharmacokinetics and drug specifics
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CCB overdose CCB overdose
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Nitrates Nitrates
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Other antianginal drugs Other antianginal drugs
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Antiplatelet agents Antiplatelet agents
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Introduction Introduction
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Warnings Warnings
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Aspirin Aspirin
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Clinical use Clinical use
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Issues in intensive care Issues in intensive care
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Dipyridamole Dipyridamole
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P2Y12 receptor blockers P2Y12 receptor blockers
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Thienopyridines Thienopyridines
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Non-thienopyridines Non-thienopyridines
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Clinical use Clinical use
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Acute coronary syndrome Acute coronary syndrome
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Postcoronary stenting Postcoronary stenting
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Issues in intensive care Issues in intensive care
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GpIIb/IIIa receptor antagonists GpIIb/IIIa receptor antagonists
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Clinical use Clinical use
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Epoprostenol (prostacyclin, PGI2®) Epoprostenol (prostacyclin, PGI2®)
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Summary of indications Summary of indications
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Aspirin Aspirin
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Dipyridamole Dipyridamole
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Clopidogrel Clopidogrel
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GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors
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Diuretics and the critically ill Diuretics and the critically ill
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Introduction Introduction
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Tissue oedema, pulmonary oedema, and ascites Tissue oedema, pulmonary oedema, and ascites
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Appropriateness of diuretics for oedema Appropriateness of diuretics for oedema
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Indications for diuretic therapy Indications for diuretic therapy
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Commonly used diuretics in the critically ill Commonly used diuretics in the critically ill
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Thiazides Thiazides
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Bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide
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Metolazone Metolazone
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Loop diuretics Loop diuretics
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Furosemide Furosemide
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Aldosterone antagonists Aldosterone antagonists
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Spironolactone Spironolactone
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Amiloride Amiloride
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Potassium canrenoate Potassium canrenoate
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
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Acetazolamide Acetazolamide
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Osmotic diuretics Osmotic diuretics
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Mannitol Mannitol
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Levosimendan Levosimendan
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Mechanisms of action Mechanisms of action
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Inotropy Inotropy
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Vasodilatation Vasodilatation
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Cardioprotection Cardioprotection
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Additional effects Additional effects
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Non-cardiac effects Non-cardiac effects
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Administration Administration
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Adverse effects and contraindications Adverse effects and contraindications
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Use in clinical practice Use in clinical practice
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ADHF ADHF
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Acute coronary syndromes Acute coronary syndromes
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Cardiac surgery Cardiac surgery
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Sepsis Sepsis
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Multiple choice questions and further reading Multiple choice questions and further reading
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Cite
Waldmann, Carl, and others, 'Cardiovascular drugs', in Carl Waldmann, and others (eds), Oxford Desk Reference: Critical Care, 2 edn, Oxford Desk Reference Series (Oxford , 2019; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 July 2019), https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198723561.003.0012, accessed 5 May 2025.
Abstract
Haemodynamic instability is one of the main reasons for admission to critical care. Often patients will require medication to provide cardiovascular support. This chapter discusses cardiovascular drugs and includes discussion on β-adrenergic agonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, vasodilators, vasopressors, antiarrhythmics in intensive care, chronotropes, antianginal agents, antiplatelet agents, diuretics and the critically ill, and levosimendan. These medications are part of the daily practise in intensive care. Knowledge of the indications, interactions, and adverse effects is essential.
Keywords:
cardiovascular drugs, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, levosimendan, milrinone, enoximone, amrinone, sildenafil, adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline
Subject
Critical Care
Series
Oxford Desk Reference Series
Collection:
Oxford Medicine Online
Disclaimer
Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct.
Readers must therefore always …
More
Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct.
Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets
provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or
legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages
and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breastfeeding.
© Oxford University Press
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