
Contents
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22.1 Introduction 22.1 Introduction
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22.2 Pollinator–prey conflict 22.2 Pollinator–prey conflict
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22.2.1 Autogamy 22.2.1 Autogamy
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22.2.2 Specialization on pollinators and prey 22.2.2 Specialization on pollinators and prey
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22.2.3 Carnivorous traps that mimic flowers 22.2.3 Carnivorous traps that mimic flowers
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22.2.4 Spatial separation of flowers and traps 22.2.4 Spatial separation of flowers and traps
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22.2.5 Temporal separation of flowering and trapping 22.2.5 Temporal separation of flowering and trapping
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22.3 Pollinator–prey conflict as a function of trap type 22.3 Pollinator–prey conflict as a function of trap type
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22.3.1 Sticky traps 22.3.1 Sticky traps
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Drosera. Drosera.
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Pinguicula. Pinguicula.
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Drosophyllum lusitanicum. Drosophyllum lusitanicum.
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Other genera. Other genera.
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Why is PPC rare among species with sticky traps? Why is PPC rare among species with sticky traps?
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22.3.2 Pitfall traps 22.3.2 Pitfall traps
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Nepenthes. Nepenthes.
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Sarracenia. Sarracenia.
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Heliamphora. Heliamphora.
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Darlingtonia. Darlingtonia.
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22.3.3 The suction traps of Utricularia 22.3.3 The suction traps of Utricularia
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22.3.4 Snap-traps 22.3.4 Snap-traps
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22.3.5 Eel traps 22.3.5 Eel traps
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22.4 Seed morphology, germination biology, and seed dormancy 22.4 Seed morphology, germination biology, and seed dormancy
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22.4.1 Bromeliaceae 22.4.1 Bromeliaceae
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22.4.2 Eriocaulaceae 22.4.2 Eriocaulaceae
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22.4.3 Droseraceae 22.4.3 Droseraceae
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22.4.4 Drosophyllaceae 22.4.4 Drosophyllaceae
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22.4.5 Nepenthaceae 22.4.5 Nepenthaceae
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22.4.6 Dioncophyllaceae 22.4.6 Dioncophyllaceae
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22.4.7 Cephalotaceae 22.4.7 Cephalotaceae
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22.4.8 Roridulaceae 22.4.8 Roridulaceae
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22.4.9 Sarraceniaceae 22.4.9 Sarraceniaceae
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22.4.10 Byblidaceae 22.4.10 Byblidaceae
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22.4.11 Plantaginaceae 22.4.11 Plantaginaceae
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22.4.12 Lentibulariaceae 22.4.12 Lentibulariaceae
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22.5 Conservation seed banking 22.5 Conservation seed banking
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22.6 Future research 22.6 Future research
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22 Reproductive biology and pollinator-prey conflicts
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Published:December 2017
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Abstract
Most carnivorous plants are insect-pollinated, despite insects representing the primary prey of these plants. The potential for pollinators to be caught by traps represents a possible pollinator–prey conflict (PPC), which may have ecological and evolutionary consequences for the reproductive biology of carnivorous plants. We review the reproductive biology—pollination biology, seed dormancy, and germination—and PPC in carnivorous plants. The vast majority of carnivorous plants show little or no overlap in prey and pollinator spectra because of pollinator independence and the spatial and temporal separation of flowers and traps. All carnivorous plants appear to produce seeds with some form of dormancy, most commonly physiological (species with fully developed embryos) or morphophysiological (species with underdeveloped embryos) dormancy. A complete understanding of the pollination and germination requirements of carnivorous plants is essential for conservation purposes, and this area should be a focal point of future research.
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