
Contents
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8.1 Introduction 8.1 Introduction
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8.2 Phylogeny and taxonomy 8.2 Phylogeny and taxonomy
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8.2.1 Early classification and delimitation 8.2.1 Early classification and delimitation
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8.2.2 Contemporary phylogenies 8.2.2 Contemporary phylogenies
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Relationships among subgenera. Relationships among subgenera.
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Resolving sections. Resolving sections.
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New sections proposed for Utricularia. New sections proposed for Utricularia.
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8.3 Evolution of life histories and morphology 8.3 Evolution of life histories and morphology
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8.3.1 Habitats and life history 8.3.1 Habitats and life history
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8.3.2 Stolons, rhizoids, and leaves 8.3.2 Stolons, rhizoids, and leaves
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8.3.3 Bladder-trap morphology 8.3.3 Bladder-trap morphology
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8.3.4 Bladder-trap evolution 8.3.4 Bladder-trap evolution
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8.3.5 Inflorescences, flowers, and pollen 8.3.5 Inflorescences, flowers, and pollen
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Inflorescences. Inflorescences.
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Flower structure. Flower structure.
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Floral color in subgenus Polypompholyx. Floral color in subgenus Polypompholyx.
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Pollen. Pollen.
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8.3.6 Cytology 8.3.6 Cytology
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8.3.7 Fruits and seeds: structure and dispersal 8.3.7 Fruits and seeds: structure and dispersal
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8.4 Population dynamics 8.4 Population dynamics
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8.4.1 Population genetics 8.4.1 Population genetics
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8.4.2 Pollination 8.4.2 Pollination
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8.4.3 Clonal growth 8.4.3 Clonal growth
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8.5 Contemporary biogeography and phylogeography 8.5 Contemporary biogeography and phylogeography
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8.5.1 Global patterns of diversity 8.5.1 Global patterns of diversity
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8.5.2 Phylogeography 8.5.2 Phylogeography
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8.5.3 Diversification and molecular rate acceleration 8.5.3 Diversification and molecular rate acceleration
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8.5.4 Diversification time and biogeographic shift in subgenus Polypompholyx 8.5.4 Diversification time and biogeographic shift in subgenus Polypompholyx
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8.6 Conservation issues 8.6 Conservation issues
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8.7 Future research 8.7 Future research
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8 Systematics and evolution of Lentibulariaceae: III. Utricularia
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Published:December 2017
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Abstract
Utricularia is a morphologically and ecologically diverse genus currently comprising more than 230 species divided into three subgenera—Polypompholyx, Utricularia, and Bivalvaria—and 35 sections. The genus is distributed worldwide except on the poles and most oceanic islands. The Neotropics has the highest species diversity, followed by Australia. Compared to its sister genera, Utricularia has undergone greater rates of speciation, which are linked to its extreme morphological flexibility that has resulted in the evolution of habitat-specific forms: terrestrial, rheophytic, aquatic, lithophytic, and epiphytic. Molecular phylogenetic studies have resolved relationships for 44% of the species across 80% of the sections. Scant data are available for phylogeography or population-level processes such as gene flow, hybridization, or pollination. Because nearly 90% of the species are endemics, data are urgently needed to determine how to protect vulnerable species and their habitats.
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