... validity and external validity. To address this, we propose the addition of a simple graph that more clearly shows the joint distribution of baseline sociodemographic characteristics in a given study. We also discuss several practical considerations for the implementation of such graphs...

... preferences external validity meta-analysis The wide range of uncertainties farmers face and their increasing nature (e.g. pest pressure, extreme weather events and food price volatility) have increased researchers’ interest in farmers’ risk preferences. Risk preferences have been considered a key factor...

... increases the variance while non-shifted but treatment-effect modifiers do not. We illustrate all the takeaways in a didactic example, and on a semi-synthetic simulation inspired from critical care medicine. average treatment effect distributional shift external validity inverse propensity of sampling...

... to systematically replicate research findings is a fundamental feature of the scientific process. Indeed, the idea that observations can be recreated and verified by independent sources is usually seen as a bright line of demarcation that separates science from non-science.” ( Dunlap 1926 ) external validity...

..., Canada ( [email protected] ) 10 05 2023 20 02 2024 09 04 2024 03 07 2024 Abstract External validity is an important part of epidemiologic research. To validly estimate effects in specific external target populations using a chosen effect measure (ie, “transport”), some...

... values using existing data. Finally, I demonstrate that the proposed framework can be easily extended to the class of doubly robust, augmented weighted estimators. causal inference external validity generalizability inverse propensity scores National Science Foundation 10.13039/100000001 Grant...

... this definition can be a useful step toward improving external validity. Definitions for continuous M are similar but more complex. A binary variable M is an EMM for the risk difference (RD) scale effect of X on Y if it satisfies the inequality ²⁵ External validity...

... is almost never encountered, casting doubt on whether rivalry is relevant to our understanding of everyday binocular vision. To investigate the external validity of binocular rivalry, we manipulated the geometric plausibility of rival images using a naturalistic, cue-rich, 3D-corridor model created...

... safety climates late, despite being one of the most hazardous industries. We recently developed a safety climate scale in Bordeaux vineyards, for which we provided good evidence of reliability and construct validity ( Grimbuhler and Viel 2019 ). In this study, we aimed to establish the external validity...

... in primary care settings was conducted in the USA for children ages 6–12 years to summarize the evidence of external validity, using the RE-AIM framework. Importantly, while there has been other research on this topic conducted in countries such as the UK and Australia, we restricted the intervention...

.../licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract While much of the causal inference literature has focused on addressing internal validity biases, both internal and external validity are necessary for unbiased...

... a valid estimate of the RD in a target population, while an RR requires class 1 and class 2 and an OR requires classes 1, 2, and 3 (i.e., all variables associated with the outcome). This does not mean that fewer variables are required for an externally valid RD (because variables may not modify effects...

... estimation to extend the validity of reduced-form results, using reduced-form techniques to assess the external validity of structural estimations, and using structural estimation as a sample selection remedy. I illustrate each of these methods with examples from corporate finance, banking, and personal...

... influence participation or outcome. directed acyclic graphs external validity generalizability proxy variables ATE average treatment effect CRR causal risk ratio DAG directed acyclic graph Epidemiologists usually place great emphasis on internal validity, striving to obtain estimates...

.../standard_publication_model ) Summary Causal inference in a programme evaluation setting faces the problem of external validity when the treatment effect in the target population is different from the treatment effect identified from the population of which the sample is representative. This paper focuses on a situation...

... external validity selection bias propensity score analysis National Health and Medical Research Council 10.13039/501100000925 APP1145970 NIH 10.13039/100000002 Statement of Significance OSA may be an important modifiable risk factor for adverse CV events. RCTs have shown no reduction...

... Lund; Arno W Hoes; Benoit Tyl; Folkert W Asselbergs; Christoph Gerlinger; Diederick E Grobbee; Maureen Cronin; Stefan Koudstaal Generalizability External validity Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction Randomized clinical trials Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard...

... algorithm can allow for the PATE estimation in situations where conventional methods fail due to data requirements. causal inference external validity generalization randomized experiments Over the last few decades, social and biomedical scientists have developed and applied an array of statistical...

... simplifications by design, it remains that going beyond anecdotal evidence and producing externally valid knowledge is necessary to become theoretically and clinically relevant. Abstract Discussions of reproducibility are casting doubts on the credibility of experimental outcomes in the life sciences. Although...

... populations are highly selected and rarely representative of real-world target populations that ultimately implement new interventions. Just as differences between trial and target populations undermine the external validity of the overall study findings ( 10 ), these differences also mean that the effect...