... design, including a dense array of microtubules in their neuronal dendrites. Further, giant axons speed the conduction of nerve impulses through the escape circuitry. Finally, around half of calanoid species possess myelin, a multilamellar axonal sheath that further boosts conduction speed. Thus, myelin...

... The Abcd1 knockout (KO) mouse has a very late onset of axonal degeneration. ^36-40 The Acox1 KO mouse presents liver disease without nervous system involvement. ^{41 , 42} In both cases, the existence of possible alternative routes for handling the defect is thought...

... a significant increase in landing foot spread test and a significant decrease in density of cortical noradrenergic axons in IL-1β KO mice exposed to acrylamide at 25 mg/kg body weight. Exposure to acrylamide at 25 mg/kg significantly increased cortical gene expression of Gclc, Gpx1...

... fibers (axons) innervating the human clitoris. The dorsal nerves of the clitoris (DNCs) are the primary source of sensation and somatic clitoral innervation. Therefore, reporting the number of axons in the DNCs is an important step in our understanding of clitoral innervation and sexual response...

..., such as Alzheimer or Parkinson disease ( 5 , 6 ). At the cellular level, the primary injury triggers a complex cascade of events that can compromise cerebral function ( 7–9 ). The common hallmarks of this kind of injury are diffuse axonal injury, inflammation, neurodegeneration, or vasculature shearing, occurring...

..., but the interhemispheric transmission velocity does not change with increasing brain size. However, it is not clear how highly coherent activity, at a precision of milliseconds, is achieved over areas covering hundreds of millimeters by richly branched axons with a wide range of conduction velocities. Studies involving...

... Programs RR00307, NCRR-NIH Hunter College 10.13039/100006926 R01GM054508 R01GM137056 Systems Biology Center P50GM071558 F32NS054511 NYS Spinal Cord Injury Research Program #C34460GG Axonal regeneration following injury is not well understood. Hence the development...

...@oup.com Abstract Axonal degeneration is one of the key features of neurodegenerative disorders. In the canonical view, axonal degeneration destructs neural connections and promotes detrimental disease defects. Here, we assessed the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the mouse, non-human primate, and human...

... of Pediatric Research (IRP) Fondazione Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy, Email: a.urciuolo@ucl.ac.uk , anna.urciuolo@unipd.it Paolo Raffa and Valentina Scattolini contributed equally to this study. During in vivo peripheral nerve regeneration, injured axons are able to elongate into the distal nerve stump...

... to neuronal death and elimination of synapses, the production of transient, exuberant axons, and axonal branches is a general phenomenon in development across species and systems. To understand what drives the decision of which axons are maintained and which are eliminated, it is important to monitor...

... inhibitor could activate the mTORC1 signaling pathway in neonatal rat brains exposed to HI, which may reduce axonal injury and induce synaptic protein synthesis and functional recovery of synapses after HI (see Supplementary Data Graphical Abstract and Highlights). As a control, the sham and HI groups...

...-specific segregation and refinement in the dLGN, and at last the reciprocal connections between the dLGN and V1. molecular guidance cue optic chiasm dLGN thalamocortical axons corticothalamic projection Zinc finger transcription factor, Zic2, is an important factor in neuronal development...

... their presynaptic origin and sensitized store-released calcium. Accordingly, the rate of EPSC bursts activated by single axon stimulation is enhanced. Aggravation of the hyperactivity by blockers of excitatory amino acid transporter (±)-HIP-A and DL-TBOA together with histochemical and ultrastructural evidence...

...Giorgio M. Innocenti; Tim B. Dyrby; Kasper Winther Andersen; Eric M. Rouiller; Roberto Caminiti All analyses were performed with the Neurolucida 7 software (MBF Biosciences, Williston, VT) and a digital camera-mounted Olympus BX51 microscope. The distribution of axons labeled with BDA...

... contains fewer myelinated fibers at the distal level [4] . At the point of crural entry, the nerve is almost exclusively composed of unmyelinated axons [4] . Unmyelinated axons are, thus, part of CN fibers that provide the neurotransmitters for penile innervation, the most important one being nitric...

... compromises the quality of life. PVD is characterized histologically by the presence of inflammatory cells and marked proliferation of vestibular epithelial and subepithelial axons [ 2 – 8 ]. While some pain relief is afforded by topical estrogen as well as neuroleptics and other centrally acting drugs [ 9...

... matter in the human fetus. Our objective was to define the neuroanatomic basis of this radial coherence through correlative HARDI- and postmortem tissue analyses. Applying immunomarkers to radial glial fibers (RGFs), axons, and blood vessels in 18 cases (19 gestational weeks to 3 postnatal years), we...

...A.V. Kuznetsov avkuznet@eos.ncsu.edu 31 12 2011 29 3 2012 11 4 2012 © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. All rights reserved. 2012 Abstract This paper develops a model of axonal cargo transport...

... cognition without hippocampal cell death ( 20 ). Thus, this approach allows the study of nonlethal changes in unmyelinated axons, which comprise the numerical majority of fibers in parasagittal white matter of the cerebrum ( 21 ). Because degenerating axons are not salvageable, unmyelinated axons...

.... For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com 2012 Abstract Previous work demonstrated that members of the semaphorin family, Sema3A and Sema3C, act as repulsive and attractive guidance signals, respectively, for cortical axons. During the development of corticofugal projections...