search

Navbar Search Filter Mobile Enter search term Search

Subject
Journals
Books

Subject

All Subject Expand Expand

Arts and Humanities

Archaeology

Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Archaeology

Archaeological Methodology and Techniques

Archaeology by Region

Archaeology of Religion

Archaeology of Trade and Exchange

Biblical Archaeology

Contemporary and Public Archaeology

Environmental Archaeology

Historical Archaeology

History and Theory of Archaeology

Industrial Archaeology

Landscape Archaeology

Mortuary Archaeology

Prehistoric Archaeology

Underwater Archaeology

Urban Archaeology

Zooarchaeology

Architecture

Architectural Structure and Design

History of Architecture

Residential and Domestic Buildings

Theory of Architecture

Art

Art Forms

Art Styles

Art Subjects and Themes

History of Art

Industrial and Commercial Art

Theory of Art

Biographical Studies

Byzantine Studies

Classical Studies

Classical History

Classical Philosophy

Classical Mythology

Classical Numismatics

Classical Literature

Classical Reception

Classical Art and Architecture

Classical Oratory and Rhetoric

Greek and Roman Epigraphy

Greek and Roman Law

Greek and Roman Archaeology

Greek and Roman Papyrology

Late Antiquity

Religion in the Ancient World

Social History

Digital Humanities

Egyptology

History

Cold War

Colonialism and Imperialism

Diplomatic History

Environmental History

Genealogy, Heraldry, Names, and Honours

Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing

Historical Geography

History by Period

History of Agriculture

History of Education

History of Emotions

History of Gender and Sexuality

Industrial History

Intellectual History

International History

Labour History

Legal and Constitutional History

Local and Family History

Maritime History

Military History

National Liberation and Post-Colonialism

Oral History

Political History

Public History

Regional and National History

Revolutions and Rebellions

Slavery and Abolition of Slavery

Social and Cultural History

Theory, Methods, and Historiography

Urban History

World History

Journalism

Language Teaching and Learning

Language Learning (Specific Skills)

Language Teaching Theory and Methods

Linguistics

Applied Linguistics

Cognitive Linguistics

Computational Linguistics

Forensic Linguistics

Grammar, Syntax and Morphology

Historical and Diachronic Linguistics

History of English

Language Acquisition

Language Variation

Language Families

Language Evolution

Language Reference

Lexicography

Linguistic Theories

Linguistic Typology

Linguistic Anthropology

Phonetics and Phonology

Pragmatics

Psycholinguistics

Semantics

Sociolinguistics

Translation and Interpretation

Writing Systems

Literature

Bibliography

Children's Literature Studies

Literary Studies (Asian)

Literary Studies (European)

Literary Studies (Eco-criticism)

Literary Studies (Modernism)

Literary Studies (Romanticism)

Literary Studies (American)

Literary Studies - World

Literary Studies (1500 to 1800)

Literary Studies (19th Century)

Literary Studies (20th Century onwards)

Literary Studies (African American Literature)

Literary Studies (British and Irish)

Literary Studies (Early and Medieval)

Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers)

Literary Studies (Gender Studies)

Literary Studies (Graphic Novels)

Literary Studies (History of the Book)

Literary Studies (Plays and Playwrights)

Literary Studies (Poetry and Poets)

Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature)

Literary Studies (Queer Studies)

Literary Studies (Science Fiction)

Literary Studies (Travel Literature)

Literary Studies (War Literature)

Literary Studies (Women's Writing)

Literary Theory and Cultural Studies

Mythology and Folklore

Shakespeare Studies and Criticism

Media Studies

Film

Radio

Television

Music

Applied Music

Art Music

Composers

Dance and Music

Ethics in Music

Ethnomusicology

Gender and Sexuality in Music

Medicine and Music

Music Cultures

Music and Religion

Music and Culture

Music and Media

Music Criticism and Journalism

Music Education and Pedagogy

Music Reception History

Music Theory and Analysis

Musical Scores, Lyrics, and Libretti

Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques

Musicology and Music History

Performance Practice and Studies

Race and Ethnicity in Music

Sound Studies

Performing Arts

Dance

Theatre

Philosophy

Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art

Epistemology

Feminist Philosophy

History of Western Philosophy

Meta-Philosophy

Metaphysics

Moral Philosophy

Non-Western Philosophy

Philosophy of Science

Philosophy of Action

Philosophy of Law

Philosophy of Religion

Philosophy of Language

Philosophy of Mind

Philosophy of Perception

Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic

Practical Ethics

Social and Political Philosophy

Publishing

Religion

African Religions

Biblical Studies

Buddhism

Christianity

East Asian Religions

Hinduism

History of Religion

Islam

Jainism

Judaism and Jewish Studies

Mormonism

Qumran Studies

Religion and Gender

Religion and Education

Religion and Health

Religion and Politics

Religion and Science

Religion and Law

Religion and Art, Literature, and Music

Religious Studies

Sikhism

Theology

Society and Culture

Cookery, Food, and Drink

Cultural Studies

Customs and Traditions

Ethical Issues and Debates

Hobbies, Games, Arts and Crafts

Humour

Lifestyle, Home, and Garden

Natural world, Country Life, and Pets

Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge

Sports and Outdoor Recreation

Technology and Society

Travel and Holiday

Visual Culture

Law

Arbitration

Civil Law

Civil Evidence Law

Company and Commercial Law

Commercial Law

Company Law

Comparative Law

Systems of Law

Competition Law

Constitutional and Administrative Law

Government Powers

Judicial Review

Local Government Law

Military and Defence Law

Parliamentary and Legislative Practice

Social Law

Construction Law

Contract Law

Criminal Law

Criminal Procedure

Criminal Evidence Law

Sentencing and Punishment

Employment and Labour Law

Environment and Energy Law

EU Law

Family Law

Financial Law

Banking Law

Insolvency Law

Tax Law

History of Law

Human Rights and Immigration

Intellectual Property Law

International Law

Private International Law and Conflict of Laws

Public International Law

IT and Communications Law

Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law

Law and Politics

Law and Society

Legal System and Practice

Courts and Procedure

Legal Skills and Practice

Legal System - Costs and Funding

Primary Sources of Law

Regulation of Legal Profession

Media Law

Medical and Healthcare Law

Policing

Criminal Investigation and Detection

Police and Security Services

Police Procedure and Law

Police Regional Planning

Property Law

Personal Property Law

Restitution

Study and Revision

Terrorism and National Security Law

Tort Law

Trusts Law

Wills and Probate or Succession

Medicine and Health

Allied Health Professions

Arts Therapies

Clinical Science

Dietetics and Nutrition

Occupational Therapy

Operating Department Practice

Orthoptics

Physiotherapy

Radiography

Speech and Language Therapy

Anaesthetics

General Anaesthesia

Clinical Medicine

Acute Medicine

Allergy

Cardiovascular Medicine

Clinical Genetics

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Dermatology

Endocrinology and Diabetes

Gastroenterology

Genito-urinary Medicine

Geriatric Medicine

Infectious Diseases

Medical Oncology

Medical Toxicology

Nephrology

Pain Medicine

Palliative Medicine

Rehabilitation Medicine

Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonology

Rheumatology

Sleep Medicine

Sports and Exercise Medicine

Clinical Neuroscience

Community Medical Services

Critical Care

Dentistry

Emergency Medicine

Forensic Medicine

Haematology

History of Medicine

Medical Dentistry

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Paediatric Dentistry

Restorative Dentistry and Orthodontics

Surgical Dentistry

Medical Ethics

Medical Skills

Clinical Skills

Communication Skills

Nursing Skills

Surgical Skills

Medical Statistics and Methodology

Midwifery

Neurology

Clinical Neurophysiology

Neuropathology

Nursing

Nursing Studies

Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Gynaecology

Obstetrics

Occupational Medicine

Ophthalmology

Otolaryngology (ENT)

Paediatrics

Neonatology

Pathology

Chemical Pathology

Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics

Histopathology

Immunology

Medical Microbiology and Virology

Patient Education and Information

Pharmacology

Psychopharmacology

Pharmacy

Popular Health

Caring for Others

Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Self-help and Personal Development

Preclinical Medicine

Anatomy

Cell Biology

Molecular Biology and Genetics

Physiology

Reproduction, Growth and Development

Primary Care

Professional Development in Medicine

Psychiatry

Addiction Medicine

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Forensic Psychiatry

Learning Disabilities

Old Age Psychiatry

Psychotherapy

Public Health and Epidemiology

Epidemiology

Public Health

Radiology

Clinical Radiology

Interventional Radiology

Nuclear Medicine

Radiation Oncology

Reproductive Medicine

Surgery

Cardiothoracic Surgery

Gastro-intestinal and Colorectal Surgery

General Surgery

Neurosurgery

Paediatric Surgery

Peri-operative Care

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Surgical Oncology

Transplant Surgery

Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery

Urology

Vascular Surgery

Science and Mathematics

Biological Sciences

Aquatic Biology

Biochemistry

Bioethics

Bioinformatics and Computational Biology

Developmental Biology

Ecology and Conservation

Evolutionary Biology

Genetics and Genomics

Microbiology

Molecular and Cell Biology

Natural History

Plant Sciences and Forestry

Research Methods in Life Sciences

Structural Biology

Systems Biology

Zoology and Animal Sciences

Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry

Computational Chemistry

Crystallography

Environmental Chemistry

Industrial Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry

Materials Chemistry

Medicinal Chemistry

Mineralogy and Gems

Organic Chemistry

Physical Chemistry

Polymer Chemistry

Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry

Theoretical Chemistry

Computer Science

Artificial Intelligence

Computer Architecture and Logic Design

Game Studies

Human-Computer Interaction

Mathematical Theory of Computation

Programming Languages

Robotics

Software Engineering

Systems Analysis and Design

Virtual Reality

Computing

Business Applications

Computer Security

Computer Games

Computer Networking and Communications

Computer Programming and Software Development

Databases

Digital Lifestyle

Graphical and Digital Media Applications

Operating Systems

Earth Sciences and Geography

Atmospheric Sciences

Environmental Geography

Geology and the Lithosphere

Geophysics

Maps and Map-making

Meteorology and Climatology

Oceanography and Hydrology

Palaeontology

Physical Geography and Topography

Regional Geography

Soil Science

Urban Geography

Engineering and Technology

Agriculture and Farming

Biological Engineering

Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building

Electronics and Communications Engineering

Energy Technology

Engineering (General)

Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology

History of Engineering and Technology

Mechanical Engineering and Materials

Technology of Industrial Chemistry

Transport Technology and Trades

Environmental Science

Applied Ecology (Environmental Science)

Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science)

Environmental Sustainability

Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science)

Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science)

Natural Disasters (Environmental Science)

Nuclear Issues (Environmental Science)

Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science)

Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science)

History of Science and Technology

Materials Science

Ceramics and Glasses

Composite Materials

Metals, Alloying, and Corrosion

Nanotechnology

Polymers

Mathematics

Applied Mathematics

Biomathematics and Statistics

History of Mathematics

Logic

Mathematical Education

Mathematical Finance

Mathematical Analysis

Numerical and Computational Mathematics

Probability and Statistics

Pure Mathematics

Neuroscience

Cognition and Behavioural Neuroscience

Development of the Nervous System

Disorders of the Nervous System

History of Neuroscience

Invertebrate Neurobiology

Molecular and Cellular Systems

Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System

Neuroscientific Techniques

Sensory and Motor Systems

Physics

Astronomy and Astrophysics

Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics

Biological and Medical Physics

Classical Mechanics

Computational Physics

Condensed Matter Physics

Electromagnetism, Optics, and Acoustics

History of Physics

Mathematical and Statistical Physics

Measurement Science

Nuclear Physics

Particles and Fields

Plasma Physics

Quantum Physics

Relativity and Gravitation

Semiconductor and Mesoscopic Physics

Psychology

Affective Sciences

Clinical Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Cognitive Psychology

Criminal and Forensic Psychology

Developmental Psychology

Educational Psychology

Evolutionary Psychology

Health Psychology

History and Systems in Psychology

Music Psychology

Neuropsychology

Organizational Psychology

Psychological Assessment and Testing

Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction

Psychology Professional Development and Training

Research Methods in Psychology

Social Psychology

Social Sciences

Anthropology

Anthropology of Religion

Human Evolution

Medical Anthropology

Physical Anthropology

Regional Anthropology

Social and Cultural Anthropology

Theory and Practice of Anthropology

Business and Management

Accounting

Business Strategy

Business History

Business Ethics

Business and Government

Business and Technology

Business and the Environment

Comparative Management

Corporate Governance

Corporate Social Responsibility

Entrepreneurship

Health Management

Human Resource Management

Industrial and Employment Relations

Industry Studies

Information and Communication Technologies

Innovation

International Business

Knowledge Management

Management and Management Techniques

Marketing

Operations Management

Organization and Management Theory

Organizational Theory and Behaviour

Pensions and Pension Management

Public and Nonprofit Management

Sales

Social Issues in Business and Management

Strategic Management

Supply Chain Management

Criminology and Criminal Justice

Criminal Justice

Criminology

Forms of Crime

International and Comparative Criminology

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Development Studies

Economics

Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics

Asian Economics

Behavioural Finance

Behavioural Economics and Neuroeconomics

Business Economics

Econometrics and Mathematical Economics

Economic Systems

Economic Methodology

Economic History

Economic Development and Growth

Financial Markets

Financial Institutions and Services

General Economics and Teaching

Health, Education, and Welfare

History of Economic Thought

International Economics

Labour and Demographic Economics

Law and Economics

Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

Microeconomics

Philosophy of Economics

Public Economics

Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics

Welfare Economics

Education

Adult Education and Continuous Learning

Care and Counselling of Students

Early Childhood and Elementary Education

Educational Equipment and Technology

Educational Research Methodology

Educational Strategies and Policy

Higher and Further Education

Organization and Management of Education

Philosophy and Theory of Education

Schools Studies

Secondary Education

Teaching of a Specific Subject

Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs

Teaching Skills and Techniques

Environment

Applied Ecology (Social Science)

Climate Change

Conservation of the Environment (Social Science)

Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science)

Management of Land and Natural Resources (Social Science)

Natural Disasters (Environment)

Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science)

Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science)

Sustainability

Waste Management

Human Geography

Cultural Geography

Economic Geography

Political Geography

Interdisciplinary Studies

Communication Studies

Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences

Politics

African Politics

Asian Politics

Chinese Politics

Comparative Politics

Conflict Politics

Elections and Electoral Studies

Environmental Politics

Ethnic Politics

European Union

European Politics

Foreign Policy

Gender and Politics

Human Rights and Politics

Indian Politics

International Relations

International Organization (Politics)

International Political Economy

Irish Politics

Latin American Politics

Middle Eastern Politics

Political Methodology

Political Communication

Political Philosophy

Political Psychology

Political Sociology

Political Theory

Political Behaviour

Political Economy

Political Institutions

Politics and Law

Politics and Sexuality

Politics and Religion

Politics of Development

Public Administration

Public Policy

Qualitative Political Methodology

Quantitative Political Methodology

Race and Politics

Regional Political Studies

Russian Politics

Security Studies

Sovereignty (Politics)

State and Local Government

UK Politics

US Politics

Regional and Area Studies

African Studies

Asian Studies

East Asian Studies

Japanese Studies

Latin American Studies

Middle Eastern Studies

Native American Studies

Scottish Studies

Research and Information

Research Methods

Social Work

Addictions and Substance Misuse

Adoption and Fostering

Care of the Elderly

Child and Adolescent Social Work

Couple and Family Social Work

Direct Practice and Clinical Social Work

Emergency Services

Human Behaviour and the Social Environment

International and Global Issues in Social Work

Mental and Behavioural Health

Poverty

Social Justice and Human Rights

Social Policy and Advocacy

Social Work and Crime and Justice

Social Work Macro Practice

Social Work Practice Settings

Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice

Welfare and Benefit Systems

Sociology

Childhood Studies

Community Development

Comparative and Historical Sociology

Disability Studies

Economic Sociology

Environmental Sociology

Gender and Sexuality

Gerontology and Ageing

Health, Illness, and Medicine

Marriage and the Family

Migration Studies

Occupations, Professions, and Work

Organizations

Population and Demography

Race and Ethnicity

Social Theory

Social Movements and Social Change

Social Research and Statistics

Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility

Sociology of Religion

Sociology of Education

Sport and Leisure

Urban and Rural Studies

Warfare and Defence

Defence Strategy, Planning, and Research

Land Forces and Warfare

Military Administration

Military Life and Institutions

Naval Forces and Warfare

Other Warfare and Defence Issues

Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution

Weapons and Equipment

Browse all content Browse content in
Journals
Books

Navbar Search Filter Enter search term Search

Advanced Search

Search Menu

AI Discovery Assistant

Skip to results

Modify your search

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Select the operation between terms

AND

NOT

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Select the operation between terms

AND

NOT

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Select the operation between terms

AND

NOT

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Select the operation between terms

AND

NOT

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Select the operation between terms

AND

NOT

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Availability

All content I have access to

Purchased
Free

NARROW

Format

Facet list

Chapter (1)

Collection

Find a Collection

The list will update as you type

Oxford Handbooks Online (1)

Series

Find a Series

The list will update as you type

Oxford Handbooks (1)

Publication date

Date Range

Published
Updated

Date range

Single date

From Select month

To Select month

Publication date

1-1 of 1

Authors: Jennifer J. Tostlebe

Save search

Follow your search

Access your saved searches in your account

Name your search

Follow this search

Would you like to receive an alert when new items match your search?

Save search

Sort by

Sort Order Select

Chapter

Birds of a Feather? Individual Differences and Gang Membership Get access

Jennifer J. Tostlebe and Jose Antonio Sanchez

in The Oxford Handbook of Gangs and Society

Published: 23 January 2024

About Oxford Academic
Publish journals with us
University press partners
What we publish
New features

For authors
Open access
Purchasing
Institutional account management
Rights and permissions

Get help with access
Accessibility
Contact us
Advertising
Media enquiries

Oxford University Press
News
Oxford Languages
University of Oxford

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide

Cookie policy
Privacy policy
Legal notice

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

View Article Abstract & Purchase Options

For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.