... that, when it comes to money, nothing is truly new—least of all inflation and fraud. The book discusses the history of coins made of precious metals, the the history of paper money, the history of banks, and more....

...This chapter begins by describing the repertoire of electoral irregularities that occur during campaigns, at the moment of the vote, and at the time ballots are counted. These include vote-buying and electoral fraud. The chapter discusses both the heterogeneity in the types of resources...

...This chapter assesses reforms to combat electoral fraud. When counting ballots, presidents of polling places could undermine the results of an election by adding ballots to the urn, by subtracting ballots from it, or by replacing all the ballots. The chapter begins by documenting the incidence...

...This chapter examines current judicial oversight of contract law, and more specifically the extent to which boilerplate is regulated as contract. It first considers the three categories of the normal, traditional oversight doctrines for contracts: coercion or duress; fraud, deception...

... actually consider them as products, instead of considering them one at a time as a contract between two individuals. It also highlights boundary the fuzzy and shifting boundary between contracts and torts by focusing on doctrinal border areas such as fraud or misrepresentation, bad faith breach of contract...

... Research Centre, Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany This chapter reviews applications of Benford's law to uncover fraud in macroeconomic data, forecasts, and econometric regression results, as Benford's law provides tools for checking reliability and detecting fraud in science...

... significantly less likely to mobilize against electoral fraud amid heightened middle-class participation in anti-regime protests. It emphasizes that middle-class protesters from the private sector were much more likely than the working class to join the protests' democratic coalition. Acemoglu Daron Huntington...

...This chapter provides a overview of the practical applications of Benford's law. These include fraud detection, detection of natural phenomena, diagnostics and design, computations and computer science, and as a pedagogical tool. In contrast to the rest of the book, this chapter is necessarily...

...This chapter analyzes the central role of criminalization and welfare fraud in degrading the civic status of welfare recipients and the declining support for the program. Politicians, such as Ronald Reagan, blamed soaring caseloads not on the economic conditions or the recent legal reforms...

...This chapter examines parts four through seven of Capital, where Karl Marx argues that capitalism is guilty of fraud. Rewriting Dante's long passage through the Malebolge (the ringed field where the sins of fraud are punished), Marx claims that the capitalist mode of production...

... resort to satanic fraud. Agamemnon Homer bee simile catalog devils demons fallen angels God —Iliad Pandaemonium Satan Son war Belial Chariot of Paternal Deity fraud War in Heaven chivalric romances epic fairies fairy elves simile giants idolatry idols Jerusalem temple metapoetics...

... diagnose some kinds of election fraud. The claim that deviations in vote counts' second digits from the distribution implied by Benford's law is an indicator for election fraud, generally fails for precinct vote counts. This chapter shows that such tests routinely fail in data from elections in the United...

... it is a precise statistical relationship that is both widespread and little known to the public. Hence, the chapter reveals that Benford's law has theoretical implications for decision-making research, practical implications for fraud detection, and may help cast light on Benford's law as a property of natural...

... of California at Berkeley. This chapter examines and searches for evidence of fraud in two clinical data sets from a highly publicized case of scientific misconduct. In this case, data were falsified by Eric Poehlman, a faculty member at the University of Vermont, who pleaded guilty to fabricating more than...

... and should not follow Benford's law and how quickly such behavior sets in. The book goes on to discuss important applications in disciplines ranging from accounting and economics to psychology and the natural sciences. The book describes how Benford's law has been successfully used to expose fraud...

... order under the Islamic Republic is linked to the moral leadership of the ulama. It also discusses the evolution of the legal framework for occult professions, which are now sometimes treated as fraud. charlatans jinn prayer doʿa television exorcism talisman Internet the Iranian state Jam e Jam...

..., and then to demand state intervention to control fraud. Finally, the chapter considers how smaller growers started to establish cooperatives in response to another threat to their livelihood, namely, the increasing economies of scale and skills required for wine production and marketing. adulteration France Paris...

... situations in which Benford's law holds, and why an observation that began in looking at the wear and tear in tables of logarithms has become a major tool in subjects as diverse as detecting tax fraud and building efficient computers. exponent Miller Steven J Pick scientific notation significand first...

...This chapter reviews Benford's law as it relates to detecting fraud and errors. It starts with an introduction and a review of selected parts of Benford's original 1938 paper, which shows the results of his analysis of 20,229 records from a total of 20 sets of data. Thereafter, four complaint data...

...This chapter develops the study's main argument as to the incentives under which state and nonstate actors will employ violent means of shaping electoral outcomes, in addition to alternatives such as vote buying, fraud, or programmatic competition. This argument posits that electoral violence...