
Contents
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The Universe of Electoral Irregularities The Universe of Electoral Irregularities
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Vote-Buying Vote-Buying
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The Use of State Resources During Campaigns The Use of State Resources During Campaigns
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Economic Coercion and Violations of Voting Secrecy Economic Coercion and Violations of Voting Secrecy
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Electoral Fraud Electoral Fraud
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The Demand for Electoral Reforms: A Candidate-Level Perspective The Demand for Electoral Reforms: A Candidate-Level Perspective
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The Political and Economic Environment The Political and Economic Environment
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Coalitions for Electoral Reforms Coalitions for Electoral Reforms
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Reducing Access to State Resources During Campaigns Reducing Access to State Resources During Campaigns
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Reforming Vote-Buying Reforming Vote-Buying
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Reforms Protecting Voters’ Autonomy Reforms Protecting Voters’ Autonomy
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Limiting the Incidence of Fraud Limiting the Incidence of Fraud
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Conclusion Conclusion
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2 The Democratization of Electoral Practices
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Published:November 2022
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Abstract
This chapter begins by describing the repertoire of electoral irregularities that occur during campaigns, at the moment of the vote, and at the time ballots are counted. These include vote-buying and electoral fraud. The chapter discusses both the heterogeneity in the types of resources that are politicized—which include both private resources financed by the individual candidates and public resources—and the variety of brokers or intermediaries deployed by candidates. It then explores the considerations of legislators about the desirability of electoral reforms and looks at both the relative advantages associated with access to resources that can be politicized during elections and the economic and electoral costs associated with different illicit strategies. The chapter also examines the partisan political landscape in the different countries included in this study. It illustrates both the resource asymmetries across parties and the consequences of economic changes and elite splits for the formation of electoral majorities surrounding electoral reforms.
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